ArticleBMC nephrology2020
Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu): a systematic review of the literature.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review.Journal of nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Case-control study of water and agricultural exposures among women in CKDu-endemic Sri Lanka.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Review
- Preventing chronic kidney disease and maintaining kidney health: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney international · 2025Article
- Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Global Health Threat in Rural Agricultural Communities-Prevalence, Suspected Causes, Mechanisms, and Prevention Strategies.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2024Review
- Ingested nitrate and nitrite and end-stage renal disease in licensed pesticide applicators and spouses in the Agricultural Health Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Nanocrystal-induced chronic tubular-nephropathy in tropical countries: diagnosis, mitigation, and eradication.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Review
- Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Chronic kidney disease in Indonesia: evidence from a national health survey.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2023Article
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
- Where do you live and what do you do? Two questions that might impact your kidney health.Frontiers in nephrology · 2022Review
- The position of geochemical variables as causal co-factors of diseases of unknown aetiology.SN applied sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIncrease in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become a health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high-risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern Province.
methodsThe present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data from the CKDu patients. The association between serum creatinine excreted by CKDu patients and the water quality parameters were determined by using linear regression model.
resultsAmong the patients, 80% were male with over 68% falling in the age range of 50-70. Majority (90%) were involved in agriculture related occupation. Smoking and alcohol consumption were detected as common habits among 40% of the patients. Secondarily developed, hypertension (60%) and diabetes (34%) were reported as common diseases in the area. Dug wells served as the commonest source of drinking water in the area (90% households) together with few tube wells. Physicochemistry of more than 50% of the water samples revealed higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka.
conclusionsSerum creatinine levels of the CKDu patients were significantly and negatively correlated with phosphate while positively correlated with total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic content of the drinking water. Geospatial mapping of TDS and arsenic in drinking water with the occurrence of higher serum creatinine levels confirmed the same trend. Thus, the total dissolved solids and arsenic in drinking water may have positive correlation with the occurrence of CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District of Sri Lanka.
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