ReviewDermatologic therapy2021
Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article.
Review in Dermatologic therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 268 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral manifestations of COVID-19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2023Pooled it
- Oral mucosa lesions in confirmed and non-vaccinated cases for COVID-19: A systematic review.Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence, Features and Degree of Association of Oral Lesions in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Oral Health Implications of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2022Pooled it
- Morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review.Archives of oral biology · 2022Pooled it
- Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review.The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery · 2021Pooled it
- USE OF MOUTHWASH AND DENTIFRICE CONTAINING AN ANTIMICROBIAL PHTHALOCYANINE DERIVATIVE FOR THE REDUCTION OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19: A RANDOMIZED TRIPLE-BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL.The journal of evidence-based dental practice · 2022Trial
- Oral and maxillofacial manifestations of COVID-19.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2026Review
- Oral health, smoking status, and oral manifestations of adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 during the Omicron outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tongue Image-Based Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Using Machine Learning: Algorithm Development and Validation.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- Impact of Symptomatic COVID-19 on the Oral Health of Pediatric Patients in Tbilisi City.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Oral hygiene influence on the incidence and severity of oral manifestations in Coronavirus Disease 2019.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Identification ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Oral Lesions, Dysgeusia and Osteonecrosis Related to COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Correlation between COVID-19 and its manifestations in the oral cavity.Bioinformation · 2025Article
- Role of viruses in periodontitis: An extensive review of herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, coronavirus-19, papillomavirus and hepatitis viruses.World journal of virology · 2024Review
- The Incidence and Characteristics of Oral Candidiasis in Patients Hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Circulation of Alpha, Beta, and Delta Variants.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- The role of viruses in oral mucosal lesions.Periodontology 2000 · 2024Review
- Exploring the relationship between cycle threshold values and oral manifestations in COVID-19: a comprehensive overview.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed library and Google Scholar for published literature since December 2019 until September 2020. Finally, we selected 35 articles including case reports, case series and letters to editor. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, whitish areas, hemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The most common sites of involvement in descending order were tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%). Suggested diagnoses of the lesions were aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, Kawasaki-like, EM-like, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa-like, angular cheilitis, atypical Sweet syndrome, and Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome. Oral lesions were symptomatic in 68% of the cases. Oral lesions were nearly equal in both genders (49% female and 51% male). Patients with older age and higher severity of COVID-19 disease had more widespread and sever oral lesions. Lack of oral hygiene, opportunistic infections, stress, immunosuppression, vasculitis, and hyper-inflammatory response secondary to COVID-19 are the most important predisposing factors for onset of oral lesions in COVID-19 patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.