Observational studyAmerican journal of clinical pathology2021
Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality.
Observational study in American journal of clinical pathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is the vitamin D status of patients with COVID-19 associated with reduced mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Pooled it
- The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2021Pooled it
- Low Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) Level Is Associated With Susceptibility to COVID-19, Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- High-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in older adults with COVID-19 (COVIT-TRIAL): A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled superiority trial.PLoS medicine · 2022Trial
- Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study.The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 2021Trial
- Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Reply to "Currently, no appropriately designed studies have demonstrated a link between vitamin D levels and coronavirus disease 2019 severity".Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Dynamic Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of in-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19: A Multivariate Cox Regression Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Association between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in Taiwanese patients.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- AI-derived CT biomarker score for robust COVID-19 mortality prediction across multiple waves and regions using machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vitamin D and COVID-19: Clinical Evidence and Immunological Insights.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vitamin D: A Nutraceutical Supplement at the Crossroad Between Respiratory Infections and COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Vitamin D: A key player in COVID-19 immunity and lessons from the pandemic to combat immune-evasive variants.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Associations between pre-infection serum vitamin D concentrations and Omicron COVID-19 incidence, severity and reoccurrence in elderly individuals.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesVitamin D deficiency was previously correlated with incidence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level on admission and radiologic stage and outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia.
methodsA retrospective observational trial was done on 186 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected individuals hospitalized from March 1, 2020, to April 7, 2020, with combined chest computed tomography (CT) and 25(OH)D measurement on admission. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to study if vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL) correlates with survival independently of confounding comorbidities.
resultsOf the patients with COVID-19, 59% were vitamin D deficient on admission: 47% of females and 67% of males. In particular, male patients with COVID-19 showed progressively lower 25(OH)D with advancing radiologic stage, with deficiency rates increasing from 55% in stage 1 to 74% in stage 3. Vitamin D deficiency on admission was not confounded by age, ethnicity, chronic lung disease, coronary artery disease/hypertension, or diabetes and was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR], 3.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-11.55), independent of age (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14), chronic lung disease (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.18-11.09), and extent of lung damage expressed by chest CT severity score (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.25).
conclusionsLow 25(OH)D levels on admission are associated with COVID-19 disease stage and mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.