ArticleThe journal of applied laboratory medicine2021
Serum Sodium and Potassium Distribution and Characteristics in the US Population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016.
Article in The journal of applied laboratory medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal kidney adaptation and function in pregnancy: review and perspectives.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Smoking and Health Profiles of Hypertensive Patients with COVID-19: An Exploratory Study of Key Physiological Markers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Usage of table salt and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among patients with diabetes: a national population-based cohort study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Describing Natural History and Exploring Risk Factors for Kidney Function Decline in Persons With CKD of Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka.Kidney international reports · 2023Article
- Altered flexor carpi radialis motor axon excitability properties after cerebrovascular stroke.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Prevalence of adrenal insufficiency among patients with euvolemic hyponatremia.Endocrine connections · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundConcern has been expressed by some that sodium reduction could lead to increased prevalence of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia for specific population subgroups. Current concentrations of serum sodium and potassium in the US population can help address this concern.
methodsWe used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016 to examine mean and selected percentiles of serum sodium and potassium by sex and age group among 25 520 US participants aged 12 years or older. Logistic regression models with predicted residuals were used to examine the age-adjusted prevalence of low serum sodium and high serum potassium among adults aged 20 or older by selected sociodemographic characteristics and by health conditions or medication use.
resultsThe distributions of serum sodium and potassium concentrations were within normal reference intervals overall and across Dietary Reference Intake life-stage groups, with a few exceptions. Overall, 2% of US adults had low serum sodium (<135 mmol/L) and 0.6% had high serum potassium (>5 mmol/L). Prevalence of low serum sodium and high serum potassium was higher among adults aged 71 or older (4.7 and 2.0%, respectively) and among adults with chronic kidney disease (3.4 and 1.9%), diabetes (5.0 and 1.1%), or using certain medications (which varied by condition), adjusted for age; whereas, prevalence was <1% among adults without these conditions or medications.
conclusionsMost of the US population has normal serum sodium and potassium concentrations; these data describe population subgroups at higher risk of low serum sodium and high serum potassium and can inform clinical care.
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