ArticleDevelopment (Cambridge, England)2021
4D formation of human embryonic forelimb musculature.
Article in Development (Cambridge, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Soft tissue abnormalities in the congenital limb malformation radial dysplasia (RD): Their clinical impact and treatment significance.Journal of anatomy · 2026Review
- Article
- From Adult Morphology to Developmental Hypothesis: Variation of the Adult Lateral Wrist Extensors-A Developmental Viewpoint.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- A unique origin of the brachioradialis muscle from the triceps brachii.Anatomical science international · 2026Article
- Bilateral presentation of a flexor digiti minimi longus: an aberrant fifth digit flexor.Anatomy & cell biology · 2025Article
- Prevalence, Morphometric Characteristics of the Accessory Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle and Clinical Implications: A Cadaveric Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A constellation of anatomical variation: middle scalene, wrist extensor, and aortic arch variants share embryological origins in cervical somites.Anatomy & cell biology · 2025Article
- The brachioradialis longus: an unreported accessory form of the brachioradialis muscle.Anatomical science international · 2025Article
- Muscle-tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of flexor digitorum superficialis in the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata).Anatomical science international · 2023Article
- Quantitative Image Processing for Three-Dimensional Episcopic Images of Biological Structures: Current State and Future Directions.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic and fetal thigh muscles using magnetic resonance and phase-contrast X-ray imaging.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individual muscles reach their mature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limb muscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and from superficial to deep. We show that some muscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.