ArticlePsychological medicine2022
Trajectories of functioning in a population-based sample of veterans: contributions of moral injury, PTSD, and depression.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the association between potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and types of psychological distress. A systematic review.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and Determinants of Immediate and Long-Term PTSD Consequences of Coronavirus-Related (CoV-1 and CoV-2) Pandemics among Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Structure and correlates of the Moral Injury Exposure and Symptom Scale for Civilians (MIESS-C) in a community sample with high trauma exposure.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Resting-State Neural Signatures of Moral Injury: Associations With Rumination.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Deprexis for Veteran Depression: Open-Label Pilot Trial Examining Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Service members' exposure to potentially morally injurious events: Intimate partner knowledge and response.Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Moral Injury in Nationally Representative Samples of Combat Veterans, Healthcare Workers, and First Responders.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Exposures and Moral Injury in First Responders.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2025Article
- Moral injury, coping strategies, and supports among Canadian public safety personnel.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between moral injury and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Canadian public safety personnel.Journal of traumatic stress · 2025Article
- The Evaluation of a Web-Based Intervention (Deprexis) to Decrease Depression and Restore Functioning in Veterans: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Burnout and turnover risks for healthcare workers in the United States: downstream effects from moral injury exposure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Why Are Healthcare Providers Leaving Their Jobs? A Convergent Mixed-Methods Investigation of Turnover Intention among Canadian Healthcare Providers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2024Article
- The independent and combined impact of moral injury and moral distress on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2024Article
- How do you see me? The impact of perceived societal recognition on PTSD symptoms amongst Norwegian peacekeepers.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2024Article
- Associations between Predictors of PTSD and Psychosocial Functioning in Veterans: Results from a Longitudinal Assessment Study.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- Psychedelics for military and Veteran communities? Research, practice, and policy considerations.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2023Article
- Initial development of perpetrator confrontation using deepfake technology in victims with sexual violence-related PTSD and moral injury.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Research Gaps and Recommendations to Guide Research on Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Moral Injury Among Healthcare Workers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- COVID-19 related moral injury: Associations with pandemic-related perceived threat and risky and protective behaviors.Journal of psychiatric research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough research has shown that exposure to potentially traumatic and morally injurious events is associated with psychological symptoms among veterans, knowledge regarding functioning impacts remains limited.
methodsA population-based sample of post-9/11 veterans completed measures of intimate relationship, health, and work functioning at approximately 9, 15, 21, and 27 months after leaving service. Moral injury, posttraumatic stress, and depression were assessed at ~9 months post-separation. We used Latent Growth Mixture Models to identify discrete classes characterized by unique trajectories of change in functioning over time and to examine predictors of class membership.
resultsVeterans were assigned to one of four functioning trajectories:
conclusionsMoral injury contributes to functional problems beyond what is explained by posttraumatic stress and depression, and moral injury due to perpetration and depression most reliably predicted assignment to trajectories characterized by functional impairment over time.
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