ArticleToxics2020
Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada.
Article in Toxics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Pooled it
- Fluoride Exposure in Community Prevention Programmes for Oral Health Using Nail Clippings and Spot Urine Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Caries research · 2023Pooled it
- Severity-dependent alterations in oral microbiota and antibiotic resistance in children with dental fluorosis.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- International fluoride symposium: effects of fluoride on human health and its mechanisms of action - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2025Article
- Women's bone health trajectories from pregnancy to postpartum: Associations with bone-seeking metal exposure mixtures during pregnancy.Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2025Article
- Article
- Effects of high fluoride and iodine combined exposure on thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in Jiangsu, China.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Epigenome-wide association study of fluoride exposure during early adolescence and DNA methylation among U.S. children.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Longitudinal associations between early-life fluoride exposures and cardiometabolic outcomes in school-aged children.Environment international · 2024Article
- Dietary Influences on Urinary Fluoride over the Course of Pregnancy and at One-Year Postpartum.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Early childhood fluoride exposure and preadolescent kidney function.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Dietary fluoride intake during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in toddlers: A prospective study in the progress cohort.Neurotoxicology · 2021Article
- Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children.Environmental research · 2021Article
- Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 645 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent (t = 4.26, p < 0.001) in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.66 (0.47), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.42 (0.31) (t = −6.37, p < 0.001). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.59, p < 0.001). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.