ArticleVascular pharmacology2021
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells.
Article in Vascular pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rare COVID-19 vaccine side effects got lost in the shuffle. Primary cutaneous lymphomas following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of an mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 on endothelial function and arterial stiffness.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Trial
- FNDC4 and FNDC5 Attenuate SARS-CoV-2 S1-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Adipose Tissue.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Tiliroside From Pavonia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke as an Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Agent.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Features of Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome and Their Impacts on the Renin-Angiotensin System.Vaccines · 2026Review
- MEK1/2 inhibition prevents DENV and ZIKV infection via disrupting the cytoskeletal vimentin cage required for viral replication.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2026Article
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction.Cells · 2026Review
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and two-year longitudinal clinical trajectory in pulmonary hypertension: a single-center retrospective exploratory cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 and Myasthenic-like Symptom Complications in Two Relatives: A Coincidence or Spike Toxicity with Thymic Response in Predisposed Individuals? Two Clinical Cases with a Comprehensive Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV2 and Anti-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Is There a Plausible Mechanistic Link with Cancer?Cancers · 2025Review
- Online Conference "Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer, Openings for Vaccines and Cure" VIRCAN2024, Monitoring the Progress.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Fragments of viral surface proteins modulate innate immune responses via formyl peptide receptors.iScience · 2025Article
- Selective Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function by COVID-19 Antiviral Drugs: Impact of Heme Oxygenase-1.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Vaxtherapy, a Multiphase Therapeutic Protocol Approach for Longvax, the COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Disease: Spike Persistence as the Core Culprit and Its Downstream Effects.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Rapid Progression of Cutaneous Lymphoma Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report and Pathogenetic Insights.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
- Membrane-targeted immunogenic compositions using exosome mimetic approach for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between pre-existing Pulmonary Hypertension and COVID-19 related outcomes in inpatient and ambulatory care settings.PloS one · 2025Article
- Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in COVID-19: Role of cholesterol, calcium, and phosphate.Journal of cellular physiology · 2024Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Currently, the world is suffering from the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor to enter the host cells. So far, 60 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 1.4 million people have died because of COVID-19 worldwide, causing serious health, economical, and sociological problems. However, the mechanism of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on human host cells has not been defined. The present study reports that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alone without the rest of the viral components is sufficient to elicit cell signaling in lung vascular cells. The treatment of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells or human pulmonary artery endothelial cells with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit (Val16 - Gln690) at 10 ng/ml (0.13 nM) caused an activation of MEK phosphorylation. The activation kinetics was transient with a peak at 10 min. The recombinant protein that contains only the ACE2 receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit (Arg319 - Phe541), on the other hand, did not cause this activation. Consistent with the activation of cell growth signaling in lung vascular cells by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, pulmonary vascular walls were found to be thickened in COVID-19 patients. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell growth signaling may participate in adverse cardiovascular/pulmonary outcomes, and this mechanism may provide new therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.