ArticleNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2021
Down's syndrome and COVID-19: risk or protection factor against infection? A molecular and genetic approach.
Article in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of State COVID-19 Responses on People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Inclusion (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- 18q Deletion Syndrome Presenting with Late-Onset Combined Immunodeficiency.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Enhancing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals with Down syndrome: An integrative review.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2023Review
- COVID-19 infection and Down syndrome-challenges and future directions for care in children.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Differences in clinical presentation, severity, and treatment of COVID-19 among individuals with Down syndrome from India and high-income countries: Data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society survey.Journal of global health · 2022Article
- Specific Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Adults with Down Syndrome.Neuromolecular medicine · 2021Article
- Sound prescriptions to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in the population with Down syndrome.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2021Article
- COVID-19 in patients with Down syndrome.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2021Article
- COVID-19 infection in a Down syndrome child.Sudanese journal of paediatrics · 2021Article
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2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of learning difficulties and intellectual disabilities. DS patients often present with several congenital defects and chronic diseases, including immunity disorders. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) have been seen, which appear to vary with age. At birth, patients present with combined immunodeficiency, with frequent infections that decrease with age. Furthermore, high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 with anti-inflammatory properties and low levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are described in children. The immune system is believed to play an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and it has been associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an exaggerated cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that may eventually trigger a severe situation called cytokine storm. On the other hand, genetic features seem to be involved in the predisposition to illness and its severity. Overexpression of DSCR1 and ZAKI-4 inhibits the translocation of activated T lymphocyte nuclear factor (NF-AT) to the nucleus, a main step in the inflammatory responsiveness. We discuss here the possible role of immunology and genetic features of DS in the infection and prognosis in COVID-19.
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