ArticleThe American surgeon2020
Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Racial and Ethnic Minorities.
Article in The American surgeon, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It carries an expression of concern. Cited by 93 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social vulnerability indicators in pandemics focusing on COVID-19: A systematic literature review.Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.) · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19.International journal for equity in health · 2021Pooled it
- Relationships Between Vaccine Knowledge, Hesitancy, and Conspiracy Beliefs on COVID-19, Influenza, and HPV Vaccination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Workplace Environment and Psychological Distress of Nurses and Nursing Assistants During COVID-19.Clinical nursing research · 2026Article
- From patient voices to policy: Data analytics reveals patterns in Ontario's hospital feedback.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors, Distress, and Bodily Pain in Native Americans: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Antenatal care adequacy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in indigenous populations in Peru.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Vulnerable Communities: What the Clinician Should Know.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Ingroup Favoritism Surrounding COVID-19 Vaccinations in the Hispanic Communities: Experimental Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Associations of Individual and Neighborhood Factors with Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Messaging Preferences about the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Eastern North Carolina.Journal of community health · 2025Article
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- Socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 mortality in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases patients: regional analysis from Argentina, Mexico and Brazil.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2024Article
- Pre-pandemic Individual and Household Predictors of Caregiver and Child COVID-19-Related Stress in a High-Risk Sample.Child protection and practice · 2024Article
- Association Between the United States Department of Health and Human Services' COVID-19 Public Education Campaign and Initial Adult COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2020-2022.Health promotion practice · 2024Article
- Everyday Discrimination and Trajectories of Transdiagnostic Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Stigma and health · 2024Article
- A concept for international societally relevant microbiology education and microbiology knowledge promulgation in society.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Article
- The Impact of Comorbidities among Ethnic Minorities on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Canada and the USA: A Scoping Review.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Community Members' Perceptions of a Resource-Rich Well-Being Website in California During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Thematic Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Expression of concern
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHealth disparities are prevalent in many areas of medicine. We aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on racial/ethnic groups in the United States (US) and to assess the effects of social distancing, social vulnerability metrics, and medical disparities.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing data from the COVID-19 Tracking Project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Demographic data were obtained from the US Census Bureau, social vulnerability data were obtained from the CDC, social distancing data were obtained from Unacast, and medical disparities data from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. A comparison of proportions by Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate differences between death rates stratified by age. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to predict COVID-19 deaths based on social distancing scores, social vulnerability metrics, and medical disparities.
resultsCOVID-19 cumulative infection and death rates were higher among minority racial/ethnic groups than whites across many states. Older age was also associated with increased cumulative death rates across all racial/ethnic groups on a national level, and many minority racial/ethnic groups experienced significantly greater cumulative death rates than whites within age groups ≥ 35 years. All studied racial/ethnic groups experienced higher hospitalization rates than whites. Older persons (≥ 65 years) also experienced more COVID-19 deaths associated with comorbidities than younger individuals. Social distancing factors, several measures of social vulnerability, and select medical disparities were identified as being predictive of county-level COVID-19 deaths.
conclusionCOVID-19 has disproportionately impacted many racial/ethnic minority communities across the country, warranting further research and intervention.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.