ArticleInternational clinical psychopharmacology2021
Body dysmorphic disorder: a treatment synthesis and consensus on behalf of the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders and the Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders Network of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology.
Article in International clinical psychopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effectiveness of Herbal Mixture of Echium amoenum L. and Rheum ribes on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Triple-Blind Clinical Trial.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Trial
- Pilot study of single-dose psilocybin for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant body dysmorphic disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Trial
- Body dysmorphic symptoms in autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A comorbidity study.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psycho Dermatological Dimensions of Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic Criteria, Treatment Options, and Clinical Outcomes in Dermatological and Cosmetic Surgery Settings.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Body dysmorphic disorder: Diagnostic challenges and current management.JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · 2026Review
- Review
- Muscle Dysmorphia, Obsessive-Compulsive Traits, and Anabolic Steroid Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The influence of social media and cultural ideals on body dysmorphic disorder among adult males in the UAE.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Body dysmorphic disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Review
- Quantifying body size estimation accuracy and body dissatisfaction in body dysmorphic disorder using a digital avatar.Comprehensive psychiatry · 2024Article
- Advancing Psychosocial Treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A State-of-the-Science Review.Behavior therapy · 2024Review
- Exploring the Intersection of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Dermatological Conditions: A Narrative Review.Dermatology and therapy · 2024Review
- Body dysmorphic disorder and the ugly truth of Australian healthcare.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2023Article
- Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in combination with symptom provocation: An effective treatment in patients with treatment-resistant Body Dysmorphic Disorder?Neuroscience applied · 2023Article
- Telephone-Administered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Case Series.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Clinical Overview and Relationship to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 13 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with a perceived appearance flaw or flaws that are not observable to others. BDD is associated with distress and impairment of functioning. Psychiatric comorbidities, including depression, social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are common and impact treatment. Treatment should encompass psychoeducation, particularly addressing the dangers associated with cosmetic procedures, and may require high doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors* (SSRI*) and protracted periods to establish full benefit. If there is an inadequate response to SSRIs, various adjunctive medications can be employed including atypical antipsychotics*, anxiolytics*, and the anticonvulsant levetiracetam*. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking and BDD is not an approved indication for these medications. Oxytocin* may have a potential role in treating BDD, but this requires further exploration. Cognitive-behavioural therapy has good evidence for efficacy for BDD, and on-line and telephone-assisted forms of therapy are showing promise. CBT for BDD should be customized to address such issues as mirror use, perturbations of gaze, and misinterpretation of others' emotions, as well as overvalued ideas about how others view the individual.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.