ArticleThe British journal of nutrition2021
Characterising percentage energy from ultra-processed foods by participant demographics, diet quality and diet cost: findings from the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS) III.
Article in The British journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Adult Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 207,291 Participants.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Worldwide Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods: Findings and Criticisms.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Nutritional Contribution and Quality of Lunches Consumed During School Lunch Periods in Canadian Elementary Schools: A Plate Waste Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Article
- How young adults in the United States understand and conceptualise ultra-processed foods.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
- Food Insecurity, Diet, and Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role of Unprocessed Foods.Gastro hep advances · 2026Article
- From scarcity to ultra-processed foods: a conceptual analysis of how their properties interact with characteristics of food intake regulation mechanism.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Ultra-Processed Foods and Cardiometabolic Health: A Review of Current Evidence.Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- Fifteen Years of NOVA Food-Processing Classification: "Friend or Foe" Among Sustainable Diet Indicators? A Scoping Review.Nutrition reviews · 2025Article
- The Relationship between Diet Costs and Dietary Adequacy: A Scoping Review of Measures and Methods with a Focus on Cost Estimation using Food Supply Data.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Detecting and addressing eating disorders among individuals experiencing food insecurity: considerations for dietetic practice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Screening Questionnaire of Highly Processed Food Consumption (sQ-HPF).Nutrients · 2024Article
- Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- The use of food processing terminology in Australian news media: a content analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Toward a science-based classification of processed foods to support meaningful research and effective health policies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated With Poor Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake Among Adolescents in Urban Slums, Kenya.International journal of public health · 2024Article
- Diet Quality Variation among Polish Older Adults: Association with Selected Metabolic Diseases, Demographic Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Association between ultra-processed foods consumption and micronutrient intake and diet quality in Iranian adults: a multicentric study.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Greater Ultra-Processed Food Intake during Pregnancy and Postpartum Is Associated with Multiple Aspects of Lower Diet Quality.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Associations between Internalized Weight Stigma and Visceral Adipose Tissue Status are Observed in Women but not Men.Stigma and health · 2022Article
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8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Higher consumption of 'ultra-processed' (UP) foods has been linked to adverse health outcomes. The present paper aims to characterise percentage energy from UP foods by participant socio-economic status (SES), diet quality, self-reported food expenditure and energy-adjusted diet cost. Participants in the population-based Seattle Obesity Study III (n 755) conducted in WA in 2016-2017 completed socio-demographic and food expenditure surveys and the FFQ. Education and residential property values were measures of SES. Retail prices of FFQ component foods (n 378) were used to estimate individual-level diet cost. Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and Nutrient Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3) were measures of diet quality. UP foods were identified following NOVA classification. Multivariable linear regressions were used to test associations between UP foods energy, socio-demographics, two estimates of food spending and diet quality measures. Higher percentage energy from UP foods was associated with higher energy density, lower HEI-2015 and NRF9.3 scores. The bottom decile of diet cost ($216·4/month) was associated with 67·5 % energy from UP foods; the top decile ($369·9/month) was associated with only 48·7 % energy from UP foods. Percentage energy from UP foods was inversely linked to lower food expenditures and diet cost. In multivariate analysis, percentage energy from UP foods was predicted by lower food expenditures, diet cost and education, adjusting for covariates. Percentage energy from UP foods was linked to lower food spending and lower SES. Efforts to reduce UP foods consumption, an increasingly common policy measure, need to take affordability, food expenditures and diet costs into account.
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