ReviewHepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2021
Organoids and Spheroids as Models for Studying Cholestatic Liver Injury and Cholangiocarcinoma.
Review in Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Criteria for preclinical models of cholangiocarcinoma: scientific and medical relevance.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Guideline
- Systematic review of cholangiocarcinoma in Africa: epidemiology, management, and clinical outcomes.BMC gastroenterology · 2023Pooled it
- Establishment of extrahepatic bile duct cancer organoids using suspension culture and their application in clinical drug screening.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- CD14+CD16- monocytes exhibit NF-κB hyperactivation in biliary atresia: Clinical association and murine therapeutic validation.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Preclinical mouse models for studying cholangiocarcinoma.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2026Review
- Novel Vascularized Human Liver Organoids for Modeling Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury and Developing Hepatoprotective Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Modeling ischemic-type biliary lesionFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Spatial patterning strategies for liver tissue engineering: Biofabrication technologies and applications.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- Microengineered discoid liver platforms: bridging geometry, functions, and scalability.Annals of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Scaffold-Free Human Multilineage Spheroid Model for Early Stage Cholangiopathies Driven by Cholangiocyte Senescence.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Article
- Review
- Cancer-Type-Specific DNA Methylation Is a Source of Vulnerability in Liver Cancer Cells.Cancer science · 2025Article
- Review
- Global landscape of hepatic organoid research: A bibliometric and visual study.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Application and challenges of tumor organoid technology in precision immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Applications of 3D models in cholangiocarcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Harnessing Organoid Platforms for Nanoparticle Drug Development.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Organoids in biliary atresia.World journal of pediatric surgery · 2025Review
- Establishment of two novel organoid lines from patients with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma.Human cell · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cholangiopathies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, and cholangiocarcinoma, have limited experimental models. Not only cholangiocytes but also other hepatic cells including hepatic stellate cells and macrophages are involved in the pathophysiology of cholangiopathies, and these hepatic cells orchestrate the coordinated response against diseased conditions. Classic two-dimensional monolayer cell cultures do not resemble intercellular cell-to-cell interaction and communication; however, three-dimensional cell culture systems, such as organoids and spheroids, can mimic cellular interaction and architecture between hepatic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the generation of hepatic or biliary organoids/spheroids using various cell sources including pluripotent stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, primary cells from liver biopsies, and immortalized cell lines. Gene manipulation, such as transfection and transduction can be performed in organoids, and established organoids have functional characteristics which can be suitable for drug screening. This review summarizes current methodologies for organoid/spheroid formation and a potential for three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures as in vitro models of cholangiopathies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.