ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
Association of maternal diabetes with neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- The association between maternal diabetes and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- How Do the Different Types of Maternal Diabetes during Pregnancy Influence Offspring Outcomes?Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of the biological, social, and environmental determinants of intellectual disability in children and adolescents.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Gestational diabetes in multifetal versus singleton pregnancies: A multicenter cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Cross-Setting Replication of the Associations Between Maternal Health and Autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex-specific effects of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring neurodevelopment: persistent hippocampal neurogenesis deficits in female but not male offspring.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Research advances on the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring neurodevelopment.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Gestational diabetes and spousal health: the Finnish gestational diabetes study.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and the risk of developing epilepsy in children: a national cohort study of 2.3 million children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- GDM-Related Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders in the Mothers and Their Progeny, and the Underlying Mechanisms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Associations of prenatal exposure to maternal autoimmune disorders with a wide spectrum of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring-a nationwide cohort study.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Glycemic Status and Developmental Outcomes in Korean Children Aged 18-36 Months: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study (2014-2021).Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Research progress on the association of maternal high-fat diet with offspring neurodevelopment and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Prenatal Glucose Intolerance and Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Maternal Systemic Inflammation and Fetal Thymic Size in Diabetic Pregnancies: Predictive Role of Hematological Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Maternal serum and placental metabolomes in association with prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their relevance to child neurodevelopment in an ASD-enriched cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2025Article
- Gestational Diabetes and Obesity: Immediate and Late Sequelae for Offspring.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals Born Preterm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Low glucose challenge test result as a potential risk factor for delays in early child development: the Japan environment and children's study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMaternal diabetes has been associated with a risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring, though the common co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability (ID) is rarely considered, nor is the potential for confounding by shared familial factors (e.g. genetics).
methodsThis population-based cohort study used data from Psychiatry Sweden, a linkage of Swedish national registers, to follow 2 369 680 individuals born from 1987 to 2010. We used population-averaged logit models to examine the association between exposure to maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), pre-gestational type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and odds of NDDs in offspring. Subgroup analysis was then performed to investigate the timings of GDM diagnosis during pregnancy and its effect on the odds of NDDs in offspring. We compared these results to models considering paternal lifetime T1DM and T2DM as exposures.
resultsOverall, 45 678 individuals (1.93%) were diagnosed with ASD, 20 823 (0.88%) with ID and 102 018 (4.31%) with ADHD. All types of maternal diabetes were associated with odds of NDDs, with T2DM most strongly associated with any diagnosis of ASD (odds ratioadjusted 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.84), ID (2.09, 1.53-2.87) and ADHD (1.43, 1.16-1.77). Considering common co-morbid groups, the associations were strongest between maternal diabetes and diagnostic combinations that included ID. Paternal T1DM and T2DM diagnoses were also associated with offspring NDDs, but these associations were weaker than those with maternal diabetes. Diagnosis of GDM between 27 and 30 weeks of gestation was generally associated with the greatest risk of NDDs in offspring, with the strongest associations for outcomes that included ID.
conclusionThe association of maternal diabetes with NDDs in offspring varies depending on the co-morbid presentation of the NDDs, with the greatest odds associated with outcomes that included ID. Results of paternal-comparison studies suggest that the above associations are likely to be partly confounded by shared familial factors, such as genetic liability.
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