ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Are Driven by Unequal Infection Risks.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- ACC Health Policy Statement on Cardiovascular Disease Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2021Guideline
- External validation of the 4C Mortality Score for patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases/risk factors.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Skin as a Potential Entry Point for SARS-CoV-2 Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Long COVID: Why Black Americans are Likely Underrepresented in Long COVID Estimates.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- SKIN AS A POTENTIAL ENTRY POINT FOR SARS-COV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Feeling wronged: maternity care experiences of black, Sub-Saharan African migrant women living in Belgium during COVID-19.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Where you live and where you receive care: Using cross-classified multilevel modeling to examine hospital and neighborhood variation in in-hospital mortality and mortality disparities.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- INTEGRATIVE ECOLOGICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF U.S. COUNTY AND STATE LEVEL COVID-19 DEATH DATA FOR STUDYING HEALTH DISPARITY ASSOCIATIONS.The annals of applied statistics · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality and life expectancy in northern Ghana: findings from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 disease severity in language minorities in Finland: an observational population-based register study.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Associations of Individual and Neighborhood Factors with Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Timing of Infection as a Key Driver of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality Rates During the Prevaccine Period.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Then And Now: Umbrella Variables Mask Temporal Mechanisms Of Structural Racism In US Urban Environments.Critical public health · 2025Article
- Recognising the heterogeneity of Indigenous Peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review across Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Indoor allergen exposure and its association to upper respiratory infections and pulmonary outcomes among children with asthma.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Generalized contact matrices allow integrating socioeconomic variables into epidemic models.Science advances · 2024Article
- Quantifying the magnitude of the general contextual effect in a multilevel study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario, Canada: application of the median rate ratio in population health research.Population health metrics · 2024Observational
- Still Separate, Still Not Equal: An Ecological Examination of Redlining and Racial Segregation with COVID-19 Vaccination Administration in Washington D.C.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs of 1 November 2020, there have been >230 000 deaths and 9 million confirmed and probable cases attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States. However, this overwhelming toll has not been distributed equally, with geographic, race/ethnic, age, and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality defining features of the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.
methodsWe used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks.
resultsIn crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than for Whites for all groups except Native Americans. Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 (age-standardized incidence, 1626/100 000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate, 244/100 000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.5 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 5.4-5.6) and 6.7 (95% CrI, 6.4-7.1) times higher than Whites, respectively. We found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates.
conclusionsThis work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community, and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates.
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