ArticleNucleic acids research2020
Prophages are associated with extensive CRISPR-Cas auto-immunity.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research on Prophages in Aquaculture from the Perspective of Paradigm Borrowing: Advances in Pathogen Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Environmental Regulation.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Conditional activation of Cas13 enforces lysogeny in a native type VI-A CRISPR host.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- The prototypic crAssphage is a linear phage-plasmid.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Bacteria exploit viral dormancy to establish CRISPR-Cas immunity.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Adaptive modification of antiviral defense systems in microbial community under Cr-induced stress.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa maintains an inducible array of novel and diverse prophages over lengthy persistence in cystic fibrosis lungs.FEMS microbiology letters · 2025Article
- Characterization ofmSphere · 2024Article
- Interrogating two extensively self-targeting Type I CRISPR-Cas systems in Xanthomonas albilineans reveals distinct anti-CRISPR proteins that block DNA degradation.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Prediction and characterization of prophages of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals a remarkable phylogenetic diversity of prophages.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Widespread and largely unknown prophage activity, diversity, and function in two genera of wheat phyllosphere bacteria.The ISME journal · 2023Article
- Investigating the Relationship between CRISPR-Cas Content and Growth Rate in Bacteria.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Analysis of CRISPR/Cas Genetic Structure, Spacer Content and Molecular Epidemiology in BrazilianPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- In Silico Approaches for Prediction of Anti-CRISPR Proteins.Journal of molecular biology · 2023Review
- Unveil the Secret of the Bacteria and Phage Arms Race.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Phage Encounters Recorded in CRISPR Arrays in the GenusViruses · 2022Article
- Distribution of CRISPR-Cas systems in the Burkholderiaceae family and its biological implications.Archives of microbiology · 2022Article
- Genomic insights into phage-host interaction in the deep-sea chemolithoautotrophic Campylobacterota, Nitratiruptor.ISME communications · 2022Article
- A target expression threshold dictates invader defense and prevents autoimmunity by CRISPR-Cas13.Cell host & microbe · 2022Article
- CRISPR-Cas systems target endogenous genes to impact bacterial physiology and alter mammalian immune responses.Molecular biomedicine · 2022Review
- Gut virome profiling identifies a widespread bacteriophage family associated with metabolic syndrome.Nature communications · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems require discriminating self from non-self DNA during adaptation and interference. Yet, multiple cases have been reported of bacteria containing self-targeting spacers (STS), i.e. CRISPR spacers targeting protospacers on the same genome. STS has been suggested to reflect potential auto-immunity as an unwanted side effect of CRISPR-Cas defense, or a regulatory mechanism for gene expression. Here we investigated the incidence, distribution, and evasion of STS in over 100 000 bacterial genomes. We found STS in all CRISPR-Cas types and in one fifth of all CRISPR-carrying bacteria. Notably, up to 40% of I-B and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems contained STS. We observed that STS-containing genomes almost always carry a prophage and that STS map to prophage regions in more than half of the cases. Despite carrying STS, genetic deterioration of CRISPR-Cas systems appears to be rare, suggesting a level of escape from the potentially deleterious effects of STS by other mechanisms such as anti-CRISPR proteins and CRISPR target mutations. We propose a scenario where it is common to acquire an STS against a prophage, and this may trigger more extensive STS buildup by primed spacer acquisition in type I systems, without detrimental autoimmunity effects as mechanisms of auto-immunity evasion create tolerance to STS-targeted prophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.