ArticlePharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2021
Developing algorithms for identifying major structural birth defects using automated electronic health data.
Article in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Algorithms to Identify Major Congenital Malformations in Routinely Collected Healthcare Data: A Systematic Review.Drug safety · 2026Pooled it
- Accuracy of congenital anomaly coding in live birth children recorded in European health care databases, a EUROlinkCAT study.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Validation of Claims-Based Algorithms for Identifying Congenital Urinary Tract, Genital, Gastrointestinal, and Musculoskeletal Malformations.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- A new tool for pregnancy research: a unified definition for major congenital malformation across ICD eras.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Impact of Missing Death Data on Identification of Congenital Malformations in Insurance Claims Data.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- First-Trimester Antibiotic Use for Urinary Tract Infection and Risk of Congenital Malformations.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Maternal Prenatal Cannabis Use and Major Structural Birth Defects.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Development and Validation of ICD-10-CM-based Algorithms for Date of Last Menstrual Period, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Infant Outcomes.Drug safety · 2023Article
- COVID-19 in pregnancy-what study designs can we use to assess the risk of congenital anomalies in relation to COVID-19 disease, treatment and vaccination?Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2022Review
- Monitoring the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy in the US.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Association of Inadvertent 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Pregnancy With Spontaneous Abortion and Adverse Birth Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGiven the 2015 transition to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnostic coding, updates to our previously published algorithms for major structural birth defects (BDs) were necessary. Aims of this study were to update, validate, and refine algorithms for identifying selected BDs, and then to use these algorithms to describe BD prevalence in the vaccine safety datalink (VSD) population.
methodsWe converted our ICD-9-CM list of selected BDs to ICD-10-CM using available crosswalks with manual review of codes. We identified, chart reviewed, and adjudicated a sample of infants in the VSD with ≥2 ICD-10-CM diagnoses for one of seven common BDs. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated; for BDs with suboptimal PPV, algorithms were refined. Final automated algorithms were applied to a cohort of live births delivered 10/1/2015-9/30/2017 at eight VSD sites to estimate BD prevalence. This research was approved by the HealthPartners Institutional Review Board, by all participating VSD sites, and by the CDC, with a waiver of informed consent.
resultsOf 573 infants with ≥2 diagnoses for a targeted BD, on adjudication, we classified 399 (69.6%) as probable cases, 31 (5.4%) as possible cases and 143 (25.0%) as not having the targeted BD. PPVs for the final BD algorithms ranged from 0.76 (hypospadias) to 1.0 (gastroschisis). Among 212 857 births over 2 years following transition to ICD-10-CM coding, prevalence for the full list of selected defects in the VSD was 1.8%.
conclusionsAlgorithms can identify infants with selected BDs using automated healthcare data with reasonable accuracy. Our updated algorithms can be used in observational studies of maternal vaccine safety and may be adapted for use in other surveillance systems.
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