Trial reportThe European respiratory journal2021
Target inhibition of galectin-3 by inhaled TD139 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Trial report in The European respiratory journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 133 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeted therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a bibliometric analysis of 2004-2024.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Crosstalk between fibroblasts and immunocytes in fibrosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinical trials.Clinical and translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Guideline
- Safety and pharmacokinetics of GB1211, an oral galectin-3 inhibitor: a single- and multiple-dose first-in-human study in healthy participants.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2023Trial
- An Inhaled Galectin-3 Inhibitor in COVID-19 Pneumonitis: A Phase Ib/IIa Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (DEFINE).American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Trial
- Alveolar Macrophages: Development, Respiratory Homeostasis, Signal Pathways, Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities.MedComm · 2026Review
- Galectin-3 Mediates TGF-β-Controlled Migration in Müller Glial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Synergistic Regulation of Tumor Immunity by Integrins and Lectins: From Molecular Mechanisms to Dual-Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Identification and Studies of Highly Potent and Selective Heterobifunctional Galectin‑3 Degraders.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Glycoprotein-induced phase separation drives unconventional secretion of galectin-3.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Developing Galectin-3-Targeted Therapeutics in Diseases: Three Distinct Galectin-3 Segments for Targeting.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Glycobiology-driven therapeutic targeting of glycan-binding proteins: mechanisms, diseases, and clinical translation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease: from biologics to nanomedicine-enabled therapies.Sexual medicine · 2026Review
- Treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: From disease mechanisms to future novel therapies (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Exploratory Changes in Surfactant Protein D During Intermittent Hypoxia and Modulation by Galectin-3 Inhibition.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Galectin-3 mediates lysosome-related inflammation within monocyte-derived macrophages in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- The utility of aqueous and serum apolipoprotein E and galectin-3 as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in glaucoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Targeting Apolipoprotein E4 rescues photoreceptor degeneration by inhibiting the disease-associated microglia activation in experimental retinal detachment.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Emerging Therapies in Pulmonary Fibrosis.Pulmonary therapy · 2026Review
- Organoruthenium Glycomimetics Exhibit High Selectivity and Nanomolar Affinity for Human Galectin-1.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
25 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galectin (Gal)-3 is a profibrotic β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and IPF exacerbations. TD139 is a novel and potent small-molecule inhibitor of Gal-3.A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled TD139 in 36 healthy subjects and 24 patients with IPF. Six dose cohorts of six healthy subjects were evaluated (4:2 TD139:placebo ratio) with single doses of TD139 (0.15-50 mg) and three dose cohorts of eight patients with IPF (5:3 TD139:placebo ratio) with once-daily doses of TD139 (0.3-10 mg) for 14 days.Inhaled TD139 was well tolerated with no significant treatment-related side-effects. TD139 was rapidly absorbed, with mean time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration (
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.