ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
Youth Exposure to Hate in the Online Space: An Exploratory Analysis.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Bias-Based Cyberaggression Related To Origin, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Weight: Systematic Review of Young People's Experiences, Risk and Protective Factors, and the Consequences.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2025Pooled it
- Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- The association between cyber behaviors and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: the moderating role of personality traits.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- A machine learning language model approach to evaluating mental health awareness content across Spanish- and English-language social media posts on Twitter.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents: A systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Review
- Forensic psychiatry in the age of the internet: the use of internet forums in the promotion and planning of an adolescent mass shooting.Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy · 2023Article
- Getting it right: Teaching undergraduate biology to undermine racial essentialism.Biology methods & protocols · 2023Article
- Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Inoculating against the spread of Islamophobic and radical-Islamist disinformation.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2021Article
- Adolescents' Exposure to Online Risks: Gender Disparities and Vulnerabilities Related to Online Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Today's youth have extensive access to the internet and frequently engage in social networking activities using various social media platforms and devices. This is a phenomenon that hate groups are exploiting when disseminating their propaganda. This study seeks to better understand youth exposure to hateful material in the online space by exploring predictors of such exposure including demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race), academic performance, online behaviors, online disinhibition, risk perception, and parents/guardians' supervision of online activities. We implemented a cross-sectional study design, using a paper questionnaire, in two high schools in Massachusetts (USA), focusing on students 14 to 19 years old. Logistic regression models were used to study the association between independent variables (demographics, online behaviors, risk perception, parental supervision) and exposure to hate online. Results revealed an association between exposure to hate messages in the online space and time spent online, academic performance, communicating with a stranger on social media, and benign online disinhibition. In our sample, benign online disinhibition was also associated with students' risk of encountering someone online that tried to convince them of racist views. This study represents an important contribution to understanding youth's risk factors of exposure to hateful material online.
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