ReviewThe Eurasian journal of medicine2020
Gluten-Free Casein-Free Diet for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Can It Be Effective in Solving Behavioural and Gastrointestinal Problems?
Review in The Eurasian journal of medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid peptides in autism spectrum disorder and gluten-free casein-free diet as a therapeutic approach.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Pooled it
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Autism - A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Diet Therapies in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Research progress on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorder: a narrative review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Gastrointestinal health and nutritional strategies in autism spectrum disorder.Journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Shared Immune and Nutrient Metabolism Pathways Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Celiac Disease: An In Silico Approach.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Nutritional Approaches in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Available Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Old Strategies to New Options.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, and Trace Elements in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Outcomes of Vision Therapy on Visual Skills and Oculomotor Functions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Study.Clinical optometry · 2025Article
- Nutritional management and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Microbiota and Autism: A Review on Oral and Gut Microbiome Analysis Through 16S rRNA Sequencing.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- UHT Cow's Milk Supplementation Affects Cell Niches and Functions of the Gut-Brain Axis in BALB/c Mice.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The Role of Dietary Peptides Gluten and Casein in the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Biochemical Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Decoding the genetic landscape of autism: A comprehensive review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Impact of Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet on Behavioural Outcomes and Quality of Life of Autistic Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Metabolomic changes in children with autism.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder [ASD] is characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions combined with repetitive and restricted patterns of behaviors. Bidirectional changes in brain-gut microbiota are known to be responsible for the pathophysiology of many brain-related disorders, such as autism, as well as well-known gastrointestinal diseases, including gut disorders. Imbalance in the composition of gut microbiota is frequently observed in individuals with ASD. It is therefore believed that this imbalance is significant in the frequent occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The integrity of the intestinal barrier and the blood-brain barrier [BBB] in individuals with ASD is affected. Incompletely digested peptides, toxins, and proinflammatory cytokines cross the BBB by entering the bloodstream and reach the central nervous system. As a result of the accumulation of these elements, brain function is adversely affected. It is hypothesized that incompletely digested peptides acting as opioid agonists reduce pain sensitivity and increase the severity of autism-specific behaviors. However, it is not known exactly how opioid peptides trigger ASD symptoms after they reach the brain. Diet therapies, especially elimination diets, are considered to be an alternative treatment to prevent this condition. Gluten-free casein-free [GFCF] diet is an elimination diet that involves the removal of certain proteins from the normal diet, such as gluten and casein. However, studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of the GFCF diet on ASD patients and explain its mechanism is limited, which supports the opioid theory. This review aims to investigate the gastrointestinal and behavioral problems that are frequently observed in ASD, the possible action mechanisms of GFCF diets, and the efficacy of these elimination diets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.