ArticleScientific reports2020
Development of CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen as a subunit vaccine against COVID-19.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- To mix or not to mix? A rapid systematic review of heterologous prime-boost covid-19 vaccination.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of COVAC-2, a Sepivac SWE™ adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine in previously vaccinated healthy adults; a randomized controlled multicentre trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of CpG 1018 and aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S-2P protein vaccine MVC-COV1901: interim results of a large-scale, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in Taiwan.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2021Trial
- From Innate to Adaptive: Paradigm Shifts and Frontier Challenges in Next-Generation Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Enantiomer-dependent and modification-free DNA matrix as an adjuvant for subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 or pneumococcal infections.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- A QS21+ CpG-Adjuvanted Rabies Virus G Subunit Vaccine Elicits Superior Humoral and Moderate Cellular Immunity.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 conjugate vaccine elicits robust immune responses that can protect against evolving variants.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Destabilising Effect of Class B CpG Adjuvants on Different Proteins and Vaccine Candidates.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Deciphering Host-Virus Interactions and Advancing Therapeutics for Chronic Viral Infection.Viruses · 2025Review
- Innate Sensing of Viral Nucleic Acids and Their Use in Antiviral Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on an NIR-II/SWIR emitting nanoparticle platform.Science advances · 2025Article
- Design of a peptide-based vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus using a reverse vaccinology approach: evaluation of immunogenicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Development of a Recombinant Omicron BA.1 Subunit Vaccine Candidate in Pichia pastoris.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Immune Potentiation of PLGA Controlled-Release Vaccines for Improved Immunological Outcomes.ACS omega · 2024Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide health emergency which calls for an unprecedented race for vaccines and treatment. In developing a COVID-19 vaccine, we applied technology previously used for MERS-CoV to produce a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S-2P. To enhance immunogenicity and mitigate the potential vaccine-induced immunopathology, CpG 1018, a Th1-biasing synthetic toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist was selected as an adjuvant candidate. S-2P in combination with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide (alum) was found to be the most potent immunogen and induced high titer of neutralizing antibodies in sera of immunized mice against pseudotyped lentivirus reporter or live wild-type SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the antibodies elicited were able to cross-neutralize pseudovirus containing the spike protein of the D614G variant, indicating the potential for broad spectrum protection. A marked Th1 dominant response was noted from cytokines secreted by splenocytes of mice immunized with CpG 1018 and alum. No vaccine-related serious adverse effects were found in the dose-ranging study in rats administered single- or two-dose regimens of S-2P combined with CpG 1018 alone or CpG 1018 with alum. These data support continued development of CHO-derived S-2P formulated with CpG 1018 and alum as a candidate vaccine to prevent COVID-19 disease.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.