ArticleInternational immunopharmacology2021
The effect of thymosin α1 on mortality of critical COVID-19 patients: A multicenter retrospective study.
Article in International immunopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes.International immunopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Persistent lymphocyte reduction and interleukin-6 levels are independently associated with death in patients with COVID-19.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Observational
- Thymalfasin therapy accelerates COVID-19 pneumonia rehabilitation through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2023Article
- Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Expert consensus on the monitoring and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression.Military Medical Research · 2022Article
- A Double-blind Multicenter Two-arm Randomized Placebo-controlled Phase-III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Thymosin α1 as an Add-on Treatment to Existing Standard of Care Treatment in Moderate-to-severe COVID-19 Patients.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2022Article
- Thymosin a1 use is not associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Review
- Therapeutic Agents Rounding Up the Immunopathology of COVID-19.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2021Review
- Thymosin Alpha-1 Has no Beneficial Effect on Restoring CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocyte Counts in COVID-19 Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThymosin α1 therapy was commonly used in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while its impact on outcomes and which patients could benefit from thymosin α1 therapy were uncertain. STUDY DESIGN AND
methodsPatients with COVID-19 from 19 designated hospitals between January 1 to February 29, 2020 were included, and the main exposure of interest was administration of thymosin α1. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to account for baseline confounders, cluster analysis and Cox proportional hazard model was used to account for subgroup analysis.
resultsA total of 771 patients were included, and 327/771 (42.4%) patients received thymosin α1 therapy. The 28-day mortality in thymosin group was significantly lower than that in control group (41.3% vs. 60.6%, p < 0.001). After PSM 522 patients were included in analysis and the 28-day mortality in thymosin α1 group and control group were 51.0% and 52.9% respectively, with no significant difference. In subgroup analyses, the association between thymosin α1 therapy and 28-day mortality appeared to be stronger among male patients (HR 0.673, 95% CI 0.454-0.998; p = 0.049). There were no benefits of thymosin α1 in 28-day mortality in other subgroups. There were two phenotypes after cluster analysis, but no benefits of thymosin α1 were shown in phenotype 1 (HR 0.823 95% CI 0.581-1.166; p = 0.273) and phenotype 2 (HR 1.148 95% CI 0.710-1.895; p = 0.442).
conclusionThere was no association between use of thymosin α1 and decreased mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Subgroups analysis and phenotype analysis also showed no differences on mortality after thymosin α1 therapy.
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