ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Mini-Review on the Roles of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Selenium in the Immune System against COVID-19.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 257 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin C Supplementation for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Serum vitamin D levels and COVID-19 during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022Pooled it
- Hypophosphatemia in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Complications, and Considerations: A Systematic Review.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Melatonin, vitamins and minerals supplements for the treatment of Covid-19 and Covid-like illness: A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study.Explore (New York, N.Y.)Trial
- Insights into Microbiota-Vaccine Crosstalk in Humans: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Translational Horizons.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Vitamins impacting mental/physical well-being during viral pandemics: a mechanistic review based on COVID-19: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Host gene expression analysis in the detection of bacterial and viral etiology in children hospitalized with a suspected severe infection.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- DFT Calculations on Electronic, Thermochemical and Vibrational Properties of SeBiotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Article
- Assessing playgrounds ultraviolet radiation (UVR) environments in College Station, Texas: Creating UVR-safe environments for children.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the influence of vitamin C concentrations on the dynamics of RT-PCR assay reactions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Vitamin D Deficiency Detected in Long COVID Patients During the Omicron Phase.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Systematic Review of the Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems and Society-The Role of Diagnostics and Nutrition in Pandemic Response.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Fabrication and characterization of antioxidant fish oil Pickering emulsions stabilized by selenium nanoparticles-loaded whey protein concentrate and phloretin complex.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Synergistic Effect of Maternal Micronutrient Supplementation on ORFV DNA Vaccine Immune Response in a Pregnant Model.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Selected Non-Nutritive Bioactive Compounds and Their Role in Optimal Nutrition.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- The dynamic linkage between covid-19 and nutrition: a review from a probiotics perspective using machine learning and bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Multi-Electrode Extended Gate Field Effect Transistors Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for the Detection of Vitamin C and SARS-CoV-2.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily allowance of vitamins and trace elements for malnourished patients at risk of or diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be beneficial. Recent studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that vitamin D and selenium deficiencies are evident in patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D improves the physical barrier against viruses and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides. It may prevent cytokine storms by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. Selenium enhances the function of cytotoxic effector cells. Furthermore, selenium is important for maintaining T cell maturation and functions, as well as for T cell-dependent antibody production. Vitamin C is considered an antiviral agent as it increases immunity. Administration of vitamin C increased the survival rate of COVID-19 patients by attenuating excessive activation of the immune response. Vitamin C increases antiviral cytokines and free radical formation, decreasing viral yield. It also attenuates excessive inflammatory responses and hyperactivation of immune cells. In this mini-review, the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system are discussed in relation to COVID-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.