Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33207715›Full record

ReviewPolymers2020

Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications.

Shahid Bashir, Maryam Hina, Javed Iqbal, A H Rajpar, M A Mujtaba, N A Alghamdi, S Wageh, K Ramesh, S Ramesh

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Polymers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 343 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
343citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

343 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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283 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shahid BashirCentre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-6745-8874
Maryam HinaCentre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-5425-5365
Javed IqbalCenter of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
A H RajparMechanical Engineering Department, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia.
M A MujtabaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Energy Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-9134-9002
N A AlghamdiDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Alaqiq 65779-77388, Saudi Arabia.
S WagehDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
K RameshCentre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-7843-5723
S RameshCentre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.

Funding

Institut Pengurusan dan Pemantauan Penyelidikan, Universiti Malaya PV027-2018
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In the present review, we focused on the fundamental concepts of hydrogels-classification, the polymers involved, synthesis methods, types of hydrogels, properties, and applications of the hydrogel. Hydrogels can be synthesized from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomers, and a combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Synthesis of hydrogels involves physical, chemical, and hybrid bonding. The bonding is formed via different routes, such as solution casting, solution mixing, bulk polymerization, free radical mechanism, radiation method, and interpenetrating network formation. The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. These properties are substantial for electrochemical and biomedical applications. Furthermore, this review emphasizes flexible and self-healable hydrogels as electrolytes for energy storage and energy conversion applications. Insufficient adhesiveness (less interfacial interaction) between electrodes and electrolytes and mechanical strength pose serious challenges, such as delamination of the supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells. Owing to smart and aqueous hydrogels, robust mechanical strength, adhesiveness, stretchability, strain sensitivity, and self-healability are the critical factors that can identify the reliability and robustness of the energy storage and conversion devices. These devices are highly efficient and convenient for smart, light-weight, foldable electronics and modern pollution-free transportation in the current decade.

Indexed as

applicationshydrogel electrolyteshydrogelsnatural and synthetic polymerspropertiessynthesis of hydrogels

Identifiers

PMID33207715
PMCPMC7697203

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.