ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
West Nile virus in California, 2003-2018: A persistent threat.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Landscape of Participatory Surveillance Systems Across the One Health Spectrum: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Pooled it
- Decreasing the Burden of West Nile Virus Disease: The Need for More Prevention Measures.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- A data-parsimonious model for long-term risk assessments of West Nile virus spillover.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From RAMP to Triplex RT-qPCR: Modernizing Arbovirus Surveillance and Confirming the FirstPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Predicting West Nile virus circulation: a 20-year spatiotemporal study in humans and animals in Spain, 2003 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Evaluating Associations Between Drought and West Nile Virus Epidemics: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- The paradoxical impact of drought on West Nile virus risk: insights from long-term ecological data.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Extreme climate whiplash events drive divergent responses of mosquito-borne disease.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of temperature and other environmental factors in West Nile virus incidence and prediction in California counties from 2017-2022 using a zero-inflated model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Regional variation in the landscape ecology of West Nile virus sentinel chicken seroconversion in Florida.PloS one · 2024Article
- Epidemic versus endemic West Nile virus dead bird surveillance in California: Changes in sensitivity and focus.PloS one · 2023Article
- Stability of patch-turnover relationships under equilibrium and nonequilibrium metapopulation dynamics driven by biogeography.Ecology letters · 2022Article
- Epidemiologic and environmental characterization of the Re-emergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in California, 2015-2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of the California mosquito-borne virus surveillance & response plan, 2009-2018.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Detection and Establishment of Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Southern California, United States.Journal of medical entomology · 2022Article
- A panel of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Bourbon virus, Heartland virus, West Nile virus, andJournal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2021Article
- Characterizing Areas with Increased Burden of West Nile Virus Disease in California, 2009-2018.Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- A Review:Vaccines · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California's WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.