ArticleHemaSphere2020
Hypoferremia is Associated With Increased Hospitalization and Oxygen Demand in COVID-19 Patients.
Article in HemaSphere, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Associations of Iron Related Biomarkers with Risk, Clinical Severity and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Hepcidin-Mediated Iron Dysmetabolism and COVID-19 Severity: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Iron and the lung: emerging roles of iron metabolism in pulmonary disease pathogenesis and therapy.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Targeting macrophage ferritin heavy chain mitigates ferroptosis and lung injury in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Iron and the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Haematological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into Erythropoiesis, Hepcidin Regulation, and Cytokine Storm.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The recombinant spike S1 protein induces injury and inflammation in co-cultures of human alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages.PloS one · 2025Article
- Why cells need iron: a compendium of iron utilisation.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2024Review
- Iron Metabolism in the Recovery Phase of Critical Illness with a Focus on Sepsis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Relationship between the Laboratory Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at Discharge and the Severity of the Viral Pathology.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of Hypoxia and Inflammation on Hepcidin Concentration in Non-Anaemic COVID-19 Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 and NonCOVID-19 Pediatric Patients and Its Relationship with Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Alterations of iron homeostasis as a potential druggable driver of long COVID.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Iron dysregulation and inflammatory stress erythropoiesis associates with long-term outcome of COVID-19.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Clinical Evidence on the Potential Beneficial Effects of Diet and Dietary Supplements against COVID-19 Infection Risk and Symptoms' Severity.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Iron and iron-related proteins in COVID-19.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Review
- Elevated Transferrin at High Altitude: Trick or Treat?HemaSphere · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Iron metabolism might play a crucial role in cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we assessed iron metabolism markers in COVID-19 patients for their ability to predict disease severity. COVID-19 patients referred to the Heidelberg University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into outpatients (cohort A, n = 204), inpatients (cohort B, n = 81), and outpatients later admitted to hospital because of health deterioration (cohort C, n = 23). Iron metabolism parameters were severely altered in patients of cohort B and C compared to cohort A. In multivariate regression analysis including age, gender, CRP and iron-related parameters only serum iron and ferritin were significantly associated with hospitalization. ROC analysis revealed an AUC for serum iron of 0.894 and an iron concentration <6 μmol/l as the best cutoff-point predicting hospitalization with a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 67.9%. When stratifying inpatients in a low- and high oxygen demand group serum iron levels differed significantly between these two groups and showed a high negative correlation with the inflammatory parameters IL-6, procalcitonin, and CRP. Unexpectedly, serum iron levels poorly correlate with hepcidin. We conclude that measurement of serum iron can help predicting the severity of COVID-19. The differences in serum iron availability observed between the low and high oxygen demand group suggest that disturbed iron metabolism likely plays a causal role in the pathophysiology leading to lung injury.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.