ArticleBMC psychiatry2020
Investigation of early and lifetime clinical features and comorbidities for the risk of developing treatment-resistant depression in a 13-year nationwide cohort study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trajectory of response to esketamine nasal spray for treatment resistant depression: Findings from ESCAPE-TRD.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Trial
- The Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TSC) in Community Mental Health: Evaluating Self-Reported Psychiatric Disorders as a Predictor of Symptoms and Treatment Outcome.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder with Anxiety Symptoms: from Monoamines to Recent Clinical Evidence.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Patient characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical response in patients with treatment resistant depression starting a new treatment in the clinical setting: a multicenter, observational study in Portugal.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Novel anxiolytic-antidepressant combinations TF-1 and TF-2 and their intervention mechanisms in a mouse model of comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Estimating the incidence of actionable drug-gene interactions in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Risk Phenotypes, Comorbidities, Pharmacotherapy, and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in a Cohort with Difficult-to-Treat Depression in Comparison to an Unmedicated Control Group.Pharmacopsychiatry · 2024Article
- Depression and the Aberrant Intestinal Microbiome.Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Article
- Intravenous ketamine for benzodiazepine deprescription and withdrawal management in treatment-resistant depression: a preliminary report.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- The Individual and Societal Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression: An Overview.The Psychiatric clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Association of Treatment-Resistant Depression With Patient Outcomes and Health Care Resource Utilization in a Population-Wide Study.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Observational
- Mortality-causing mechanisms and healthcare resource utilisation of treatment-resistant depression: A six-year population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Clinical research challenges posed by difficult-to-treat depression.Psychological medicine · 2022Review
- Benefits of group compassion-focused therapy for treatment-resistant depression: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Augmentative Pharmacological Strategies in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate the risk of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in patients with depression by examining their clinical features, early prescription patterns, and early and lifetime comorbidities.
methodsIn total, 31,422 depressive inpatients were followed-up from diagnostic onset for more than 10-years. Patients were diagnosed with TRD if their antidepressant treatment regimen was altered ≥two times or if they were admitted after at least two different antidepressant treatments. Multiple Cox regression model were used to determine whether physical and psychiatric comorbidities, psychosis, and prescription patterns increased the risk of TRD by controlling for relevant demographic covariates. Survival analyses were performed for important TRD-associated clinical variables.
resultsFemales with depression (21.24%) were more likely to suffer from TRD than males (14.02%). Early anxiety disorders were more commonly observed in the TRD group than in the non-TRD group (81.48 vs. 58.96%, p < 0.0001). Lifetime anxiety disorders had the highest population attributable fraction (42.87%). Seventy percent of patients with multiple psychiatric comorbidities developed TRD during follow-up. Cox regression analysis further identified that functional gastrointestinal disorders significantly increased TRD risk (aHR = 1.19). Higher doses of antidepressants and benzodiazepines and Z drugs in the early course of major depressive disorder increased TRD risk (p < 0.0001).
conclusionOur findings indicate the need to monitor early comorbidities and polypharmacy patterns in patients with depression associated with elevated TRD risk.
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Registered trials
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