ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2020
Development of a Facial Expression Scale Using Farrowing as a Model of Pain in Sows.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals: A systematic review using the COSMIN checklist.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- "Do not look at me like that": Is the facial expression score reliable and accurate to evaluate pain in large domestic animals? A systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- How Do Women and Domestic Animals Share Parturition Pain? A Systematic Review.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Effects of different volumes of a water-soluble and biodegradable nesting material on behavior, pain, glycemia, farrowing traits, and performance in crated sows.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- A Review of Assessment of Sow Pain During Farrowing Using Grimace Scores.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- The Correlation Between Body Pain Indicators and the Facial Expression Scale in Sows During Farrowing and Pre-Weaning: The Effects of Parity, the Farrowing Moment, and Suckling Events.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Part I: understanding pain in pigs-basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy.Porcine health management · 2025Review
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Clinical interpretation of body language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain in domestic mammals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Development of the calf grimace scale for pain and stress assessment in castrated Angus beef calves.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- An Investigation of Parturient Ocular Appearance in Sows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Pain pathophysiology and pharmacology of cattle: how improved understanding can enhance pain prevention, mitigation, and welfare.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Simplified assessment of castration-induced pain in pigs using lower complexity algorithms.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of assessment method (real-time versus video-recorded) on a validated pain-altered behavior scale used in castrated piglets.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of a Multi-Component Mycotoxin-Detoxifying Agent on Oxidative Stress, Health and Performance of Sows.Toxins · 2023Article
- Development and validation of a cynomolgus macaque grimace scale for acute pain assessment.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The impact of stress and anesthesia on animal models of infectious disease.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Improving the Reliability of Scale-Free Image Morphometrics in Applications with Minimally Restrained Livestock Using Projective Geometry and Unsupervised Machine Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Changes in facial expression have been shown to be a useful tool to assess pain severity in humans and animals, but facial scales have not yet been developed for all species. A facial expression scale in sows was developed using farrowing as a pain model. Five potential facial zones were identified: (i) Tension above eyes, (ii) Snout angle, (iii) Neck tension, (iv) Temporal tension and ear position (v), and Cheek tension. Facial zones were examined through 263 images of a total of 21 sows at farrowing, characterizing moments of non-pain (19 days post-farrowing; score 0), moderate pain (time interval between the delivery of two consecutive piglets; score 1) and severe pain (during active piglet delivery; score 2). Images were evaluated by a "Silver Standard" observer with experience in sows' facial expressions, and by a group of eight animal welfare scientists, without experience in it, but who received a one-hour training session on how to assess pain in sows' faces. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of the facial expression ranged from moderate to very good for all facial expression zones, with Tension above eyes, Snout angle, and Neck tension showing the highest reliability. In conclusion, monitoring facial expressions seems to be a useful tool to assess pain caused by farrowing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.