ReviewEnvironmental toxicology and chemistry2021
PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding.
Review in Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 248 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
248 citing papers in PubMed.
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially important marine species of fish and shellfish from Alaska and implications for human exposure.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- PFAS exposure in 12-year-old children and its association with metabolic markers.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- PFAS in the Urban Atmosphere Detected with I‑CIMS and LC-ESI Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer.ACS ES&T air · 2026Article
- Fluorinated pore walls boost PFAS capture in mechanochemically synthesized covalent organic frameworks.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Dietary and social predictors of PFAS exposure in Hispanic children from Northern Virginia.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Better Together Than Apart: Degradation of Emerging Contaminants in Concentrated Streams Using UV/Sulfite/Iodide and UV/Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Trains.ACS environmental Au · 2026Article
- Universal charge-tag labelling of undetectable polymers for mass spectrometric characterization.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence-Powered One Health: A Predictive Framework for Managing Persistent Chemical Threats across Human, Animal, and Environmental Systems.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2026Review
- Understanding and Reporting PFAS Exposure: Wide-Scope Retrospective Suspect Screening of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data from Exposomics Studies.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Residential history and drinking water type as predictors of serum PFAS in communities with a history of contaminated drinking water.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Assessing PFAS total in landfill leachate through multiple extraction methods and fluorine mass balance.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Serum PFAS concentrations and neuromorphometry in adolescents: The HOME Study.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Predictors of Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Concentrations in a Rural Agricultural Community Affected by Biosolids Application.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- A Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method for Measuring Ultrashort PFCAs and Longer-Chain PFAS in Water.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Sources and environmental occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment: a threat to Central European agriculture.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Metabolomics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure: Advances in LC-MS technology and applications.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2026Review
- Associations of serum PFAS with COVID-19 antibody levels among fully vaccinated adults.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposure to Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mixture Analysis.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their precursors in biosolids across 15 U.S. states.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
188 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.