ArticleEClinicalMedicine2020
Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 377 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
377 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 638 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in people with multiple long-term conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 4 million people.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical outcomes following COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority groups in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health · 2023Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 related outcomes in the United States by race and ethnicity pre-vaccination era: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Demographic reporting across a decade of neuroimaging: a systematic review.Brain imaging and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Joint European policy on the COVID-19 risks for people with mental disorders: An umbrella review and evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for mental and public health.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2022Pooled it
- Racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Overcoming COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minorities: A systematic review of UK studies.Vaccine · 2022Pooled it
- Willingness, refusal and influential factors of parents to vaccinate their children against the COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Preventive medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Fatigue Symptoms Associated With COVID-19 in Convalescent or Recovered COVID-19 Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review of host genetic association with Covid-19 prognosis and susceptibility: What have we learned in 2020?Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Prolonged Prone Positioning for COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2022Trial
- Sociodemographic characteristics of nurses entering and leaving the US nursing workforce in 2018 and 2022.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Severe Vision Impairment and Its Association with COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity, and Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- California Healthy Places Index and COVID-19 hospitalization risk: a patient-level analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Physical Activity, Trust, and Research Participation Among Men From Minority Ethnic Backgrounds Living With Prostate Cancer: A Qualitative Study.Psycho-oncology · 2026Article
- Abnormal Serum Albumin, Alanine Aminotransferase, and Blood Urea Nitrogen are Associated with Higher Risks for Mechanical Ventilation and In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Positive US Veterans.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Findings from comprehensive genome sequencing in the Canadian population: Results from the GENCOV Study.Genetics in medicine open · 2026Article
- Racial disparities in children tested for SARS-CoV-2 at pediatric emergency departments: A prospective cohort study.Paediatrics & child health · 2025Article
- Mapping the burden of COVID-19 infections and estimating the contribution of socioeconomic factors: a cross-sectional study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
317 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPatients from ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19.
methodsDatabases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PROSPERO, Cochrane library and
findings18,728,893 patients from 50 studies were included; 26 were peer-reviewed; 42 were from the United States of America and 8 from the United Kingdom. Individuals from Black and Asian ethnicities had a higher risk of COVID-19 infection compared to White individuals. This was consistent in both the main analysis (pooled adjusted RR for Black: 2.02, 95% CI 1.67-2.44; pooled adjusted RR for Asian: 1.50, 95% CI 1.24-1.83) and sensitivity analyses examining peer-reviewed studies only (pooled adjusted RR for Black: 1.85, 95%CI: 1.46-2.35; pooled adjusted RR for Asian: 1.51, 95% CI 1.22-1.88). Individuals of Asian ethnicity may also be at higher risk of ITU admission (pooled adjusted RR 1.97 95% CI 1.34-2.89) (but no studies had yet been peer-reviewed) and death (pooled adjusted RR/HR 1.22 [0.99-1.50]).
interpretationIndividuals of Black and Asian ethnicity are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared to White individuals; Asians may be at higher risk of ITU admission and death. These findings are of critical public health importance in informing interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality amongst ethnic minority groups.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.