ArticleScientific reports2020
A revised definition for copal and its significance for palaeontological and Anthropocene biodiversity-loss studies.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resin does not safeguard insect DNA during early decay despite preservation of soft tissues.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Agathis vs. Hymenaea-trapping biases to interpret arthropod assemblages in ambers.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Review of wing morphology in fossil and modern species of humpbacked flies (Diptera: Phoridae).BMC biology · 2025Article
- Article
- First record of Jacobsoniidae (Coleoptera) on the African continent in Holocene copal from Tanzania: biogeography since the Cretaceous.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dominican amber net-winged beetles suggest stable paleoenvironment as a driver for conserved morphology in a paedomorphic lineage.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Successful extraction of insect DNA from recent copal inclusions: limits and perspectives.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Fossil Record of Elateridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea): Described Species, Current Problems and Future Prospects.Insects · 2021Article
- A two-photon fluorescence micro-spectroscopy method for chemotaxonomic characterization of fossil resins.Applications in plant sciencesArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The early fossilization steps of natural resins and associated terminology are a subject of constant debate. Copal and resin are archives of palaeontological and historical information, and their study is critical to the discovery of new and/or recently extinct species and to trace changes in forests during the Holocene. For such studies, a clear, suitable definition for copal is vital and is herein established. We propose an age range for copal (2.58 Ma-1760 AD), including Pleistocene and Holocene copals, and the novel term "Defaunation resin", defined as resin produced after the commencement of the Industrial Revolution. Defaunation resin is differentiated from Holocene copal as it was produced during a period of intense human transformative activities. Additionally, the "Latest Amber Bioinclusions Gap" (LABG) since the late Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene is hereby newly defined, and is characterized by its virtual absence of bioinclusions and the consequent lack of palaeontological information, which in part explains the historical differentiation between amber and copal. Crucial time intervals in the study of resin production, and of the biodiversity that could be contained, are now clarified, providing a framework for and focusing future research on bioinclusions preserved in copal and resin.
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