ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
The social patterning of autism diagnoses reversed in California between 1992 and 2018.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022.Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) · 2025Article
- Social vulnerability and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among 8-year-old children, Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 2020.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Demographic Correlates of Autism: How Do Associations Compare Between Diagnosis and a Quantitative Trait Measure?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children in the United States.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Caregiver greeting to infants under 6 months already reflects emerging differences in those later diagnosed with autism.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Clinical, socio-demographic, and parental correlates of early autism traits in a community cohort of toddlers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy and early autism screening score at well-child visits in standard clinical practice.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Unrealized Cross-System Opportunities to Improve Employment and Employment-Related Services Among Autistic Individuals.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Review
- Developmental Trajectories of Autism.Pediatrics · 2023Article
- Urban-Rural Disparity in the Incidence of Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan: A 10-Year National Birth Cohort Follow-up Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020.Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) · 2023Article
- Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a large, diverse metropolitan area: Variation by sociodemographic factors.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Usual care for youth with autism spectrum disorder: Community-based providers' reported familiarity with treatment practices.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018.Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018.Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
As rates of autism diagnosis increased dramatically over the past number of decades, prevalence rates were generally highest among Whites and among those of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Using a unique, population-level dataset, we find that rates of autism diagnosis continued to be on the rise in recent years, but who is diagnosed changed during the study period. Our data consist of birth records of all 13,272,573 children born in the state of California in 1992 through 2016 linked to autism caseload records for January 1992 through November 2019 from California's Department of Developmental Services. California's diagnosed autism incidence rate rose from 0.49 per 1,000 3-6 y olds in 1998 to 3.49 per 1,000 3-6 y olds in 2018, a 612% increase. However, diagnosed incidence rates did not rise uniformly across sociodemographic groups. By 2018, children of Black and Asian mothers were diagnosed at higher rates than children of non-Hispanic White mothers. Furthermore, among children of non-Hispanic White and Asian mothers, children of lower SES were diagnosed at higher rates than children of higher SES. These changes align with sociological theories of health disparities and contain important clues for more fully understanding the autism epidemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.