ArticleNutrients2020
Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics.
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Infant Formula Type on Early Childhood Growth Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Sweetness Ratings of U.S. Infant Formulas.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Term infant formula macronutrient composition: An update for clinicians.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Review
- Supplemented Infant Formula and Human Breast Milk Show Similar Patterns in Modulating Infant Microbiota Composition and Function In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Nutrition for Infant Feeding.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model.Cells · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown.
methodsThe 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was utilized, including infant anthropometrics and dietary intake. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate sources of formulas consumed were assembled and considered as potential predictors in multivariable models of infant Z-scores among infants < 6 months, 6-12 months and all infants combined (0-12 months).
resultsThe following relationships represent ingredient covariates within the final multivariable models of infant Z-scores. Consuming formula with palm oil was associated with higher weight-for-length Z-scores among infants < 6 months, but lower weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores among infants 6-12 months. Consuming soy-protein formulas was associated with lower weight-for-length, head circumference-for-age and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-scores among infants < 6 months. Consuming sucrose-containing formula was associated with higher weight-for-length and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-score among infants 0-12 months.
conclusionsThese data provide proof-of-concept that all formulas are not the same. Variation in macronutrient ingredients within the standard formula category is associated with differences in infant anthropometric outcomes. Long-term and mechanistic studies are warranted to pursue these findings; especially for palm oil, soy protein, and sucrose.
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