ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2021
More than just summed neuronal activity: how multiple cell types shape the BOLD response.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Simultaneous single-cell calcium imaging of neuronal population activity and brain-wide BOLD fMRI.Nature methods · 2026Article
- Metabolism-weighted brain connectome reveals synaptic integration and vulnerability to neurodegeneration.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Astrocyte-Driven Modulation of Whole-Brain Functional Networks and BOLD Signals Revealed by Optogenetic-fMRI.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder and abstract sequence task contributions shift prefrontal cortical connectivity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- BOLD signal changes can oppose oxygen metabolism across the human cortex.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Measurement of electrochemical brain activity with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry during functional magnetic resonance imaging.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Psilocybin Prolongs the Neurovascular Coupling Response in Mouse Visual Cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- BOLD repetition enhancement in the orbitofrontal cortex during complex visuospatial processing in migraine without aura: a shift in periaqueductal gray - cortical coupling?The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of brain pericytes in ischemic stroke.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Causal disconnectomics of motion perception networks: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced BOLD responses.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Early brain changes in Lyme disease are associated with clinical outcomes.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Brainwide blood volume reflects opposing neural populations.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neurovascular coupling and functional connectivity changes through the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: Effects of simvastatin treatment.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Photoacoustic and fluorescence hybrid microscope for cortex-wide imaging of neurovascular dynamics with subcellular resolution.Science advances · 2025Article
- Induction of haemodynamic travelling waves by glial-related vasomotion in a rat model of neuroinflammation: implications for functional neuroimaging.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Nitric oxide is not responsible for initial sensory-induced neurovascular coupling response in the barrel cortex of lightly anesthetized mice.Neurophotonics · 2025Article
- Article
- Neuromodulation in Small Animal fMRI.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely applied to investigations of human cognition and disease. The most commonly used among these is blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The BOLD signal occurs because neural activity induces an increase in local blood supply to support the increased metabolism that occurs during activity. This supply usually outmatches demand, resulting in an increase in oxygenated blood in an active brain region, and a corresponding decrease in deoxygenated blood, which generates the BOLD signal. Hence, the BOLD response is shaped by an integration of local oxygen use, through metabolism, and supply, in the blood. To understand what information is carried in BOLD signals, we must understand how several cell types in the brain-local excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and vascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), and their modulation by ascending projection neurons-contribute to both metabolism and haemodynamic changes. Here, we review the contributions of each cell type to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and discuss situations where a simplified interpretation of the BOLD response as reporting local excitatory activity may misrepresent important biological phenomena, for example with regards to arousal states, ageing and neurological disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.