ReviewScandinavian journal of immunology2021
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): An overview of the immunopathology, serological diagnosis and management.
Review in Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 334 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of the vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes and inflammatory status in COVID-19 patients: an umbrella review.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Predictor factor for worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients infected with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Transplant immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Post-acute COVID-19 symptom risk in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Neurological telerehabilitation in the COVID-19 era - current perspectives through a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Antiviral drug treatment for nonsevere COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 and solid organ transplantation: Finding the right balance.Transplantation reviews (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence around the world: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Standardized Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF®) in COVID-19 outcomes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Colchicine reduces the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19 patients.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2023Trial
- Meplazumab in hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 (DEFLECT): a multicenter, seamless phase 2/3, randomized, third-party double-blind clinical trial.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Trial
- Cardiopulmonary and hematological effects of infrared LED photobiomodulation in the treatment of SARS-COV2.Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology · 2023Trial
- High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Spontaneous Remission of Acute Myeloid Leukemia With MutatedCase reports in hematology · 2026Article
- Influence of inflammatory and reninangiotensin system gene polymorphisms ACE2 rs2285666, IL1A rs1800587, and TNF rs1800629 on COVID-19 severity and the persistence of symptoms in the post-COVID-19 phase: a cross-sectional study.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Investigating the relationship between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 infection: a cohort study in Tehran.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Is There a Rationale for Haemoadsorption with Combined Use of CytoSorbJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Assessing underlying health risks for severe COVID-19 infection among sexual and gender minority populations in Hawai'i.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2025Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID-19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID-19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG-, IgM- and IgA-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID-19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID-19 severity and spread.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.