ReviewPediatric research2021
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast milk feedings in US neonatal intensive care units.
Review in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Outcomes Following Neonatal Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding infants with CHD: an evidence summary and recommendations from the Cardiac Newborn Neuroprotective Network, a special interest group of the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative.Cardiology in the young · 2025Guideline
- Enhancing breastfeeding outcomes in preterm infant: a collaborative approach with dedicated lactation specialists and family engagement.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- The role of residential distance in maternal breast milk intake in preterm and very low birthweight infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Social and structural disparities in family presence and engagement in the NICU.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Diversity, equity, and inclusion considerations for anti-racist, equity-focused NICU family mental health.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Human milk and breastfeeding at the first oral feed for infants with critical congenital heart disease: a multi-institutional study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Birth and Lactation Outcomes Among Neonates with Congenital Heart Defects at a Regional Mid-Atlantic Heart Center.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Banking on donor human milk.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Allied health services availability and human milk nutrition among preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Drug exposures in donor milk: protecting our most vulnerable infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula "Operation Stork Speed" June 2025: Part 3, Marketing of Infant Formulas, Breastfeeding Support, Hypoallergenic Formulas, and Nutrition for Preterm Infants.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Time to Full Enteral Feeds and Late-Onset Sepsis in Extremely Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- One size does not fit all for URiM applicants: a comparison of NPM program size on URiM applications.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Exclusive enteral nutrition in preterm infants: How early is too early?Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine · 2025Review
- Gaps, Successes, and Opportunities Related to Social Drivers of Health from the Perspectives of Black Preterm Infant Caregivers: A Qualitative Study.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mother's Milk Provision Among Mothers of Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Type and Volume of Milk Intake in Premature Infants <33 Weeks Gestational Age in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mother's Own Milk Provision During the First 12 Weeks of Life by Gestational Age.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- National Trends in Breastfeeding by Gestational Age Category.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g birth weight) infants are substantially more likely to be born to black than to non-black mothers, predisposing them to potentially preventable morbidities that increase the risk for costly lifelong health problems. Mothers' own milk (MOM) may be considered the ultimate "personalized medicine" since milk composition and bioactive components vary among mothers and multiple milk constituents provide specific protection based on shared exposures between mother and infant. MOM feedings reduce the risks and associated costs of prematurity-associated morbidities, with the greatest reduction afforded by MOM through to NICU discharge. Although black and non-black mothers have similar lactation goals and initiation rates, black VLBW infants are half as likely to receive MOM at NICU discharge in the United States. Black mothers are significantly more likely to be low-income, single heads of household and have more children in the home, increasing the burden of MOM provision. Although rarely considered, the out-of-pocket and opportunity costs associated with providing MOM for VLBW infants are especially onerous for black mothers. When MOM is not available, the NICU assumes the costs of inferior substitutes for MOM, contributing further to disparate outcomes. Novel strategies to mitigate these disparities are urgently needed. IMPACT: Mother's own milk exemplifies personalized medicine through its unique biologic activity. Hospital factors and social determinants of health are associated with mother's own milk feedings for very low-birth-weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Notably, out-of-pocket and opportunity costs associated with providing mother's own milk are borne by mothers. Conceptualizing mother's own milk feedings as an integral part of NICU care requires consideration of who bears the costs of MOM provision-the mother or the NICU?
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.