ReviewMolecular psychiatry2021
Polysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis.
Review in Molecular psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 160 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
160 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid usage and COVID-19 prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2022Pooled it
- A Phase 1, Open-Label, Randomized Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Multiple Doses of Intranasal Naloxone in Healthy Participants.Clinical and translational science · 2026Trial
- Selective Personality-Targeted Intervention and the Escalation of Substance Use During Adolescence: A Secondary Analysis of A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Understanding risk and protective factors associated with opioid misuse among at-risk adolescents and young adults in the emergency department.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Communities That HEAL Intervention and Mortality Including Polysubstance Overdose Deaths: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Safer-use strategies in the context of harm-reduction treatment for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy of low-dose esketamine in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Trial
- Community coalition and key stakeholder perceptions of the community opioid epidemic before an intensive community-level intervention.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- Daily patterns of opioid and stimulant use and associated risk-behavior outcomes: A cohort study.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- It's not all DAT: harnessing the potential of organic cation transporter 3 inhibition to selectively attenuate amphetamine reinforcement and dopamine release.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Brixadi for Stimulant Use Disorder: Evolving Pharmacologic Considerations and Clinical Implications.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Higher prevalence of non-fatal overdose with opioid and stimulant use compared to use of opioids alone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Identifying Demographic Predictors of Increased Nonfatal Opioid Overdose Risk Among New York State Medicaid Enrollees After the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Polysubstance use disorders among US adults.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Scoping evidence review on the prevention and treatment of opioid overdose.Harm reduction journal · 2026Review
- Drug positivity, co-detection patterns, and demographic predictors in patients seeking substance use disorder treatment, United States, 2023.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Childhood social characteristics and drug-related mortality by age 41: a register-based study of Finnish birth cohorts 1982-2004.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Cannabis Effects on Neurocognition and HIV-Related Outcomes: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Influence of sex, anxiety, and risk-taking behavior on opioid and alcohol polysubstance consumption patterns.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
100 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interventions to address the U.S. opioid crisis primarily target opioid use, misuse, and addiction, but because the opioid crisis includes multiple substances, the opioid specificity of interventions may limit their ability to address the broader problem of polysubstance use. Overlap of opioids with other substances ranges from shifts among the substances used across the lifespan to simultaneous co-use of substances that span similar and disparate pharmacological categories. Evidence suggests that nonmedical opioid users quite commonly use other drugs, and this polysubstance use contributes to increasing morbidity and mortality. Reasons for adding other substances to opioids include enhancement of the high (additive or synergistic reward), compensation for undesired effects of one drug by taking another, compensation for negative internal states, or a common predisposition that is related to all substance consumption. But consumption of multiple substances may itself have unique effects. To achieve the maximum benefit, addressing the overlap of opioids with multiple other substances is needed across the spectrum of prevention and treatment interventions, overdose reversal, public health surveillance, and research. By addressing the multiple patterns of consumption and the reasons that people mix opioids with other substances, interventions and research may be enhanced.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.