Observational studyScience advances2020
Distinct inflammatory profiles distinguish COVID-19 from influenza with limited contributions from cytokine storm.
Observational study in Science advances, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 258 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated host-microbe plasma metagenomics for sepsis diagnosis in a prospective cohort of critically ill adults.Nature microbiology · 2022Trial
- Clinical and Immunological Factors That Distinguish COVID-19 From Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1).Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Dose-Dependent Alterations in Lung Immune Subpopulations in Influenza a Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct immune landscapes in murine lungs infected with H1N1 versus H5N1 influenza viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- The triple-hit hypothesis: exploring pulmonary e-cigarette, PMEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Kaempferol attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in H9c2 cells through involvement of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Integrated drivers of basal and acute immunity in diverse human populations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- IFN-gene signatures in B cells following influenza A and B virus infection and influenza vaccination.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Immunomodulating effects of herbal cough medication - in vitro screening in a TLR7- and TLR8-mediated inflammatory model.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- "Bridging the clinical, molecular and genetic perspectives on myocarditis in post-COVID-19 era".International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Review
- Distinct Cytokine Landscapes Induced by Influenza a Virus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Older Adults (65+) Using an Ex Vivo Whole Blood Stimulation Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Endothelial Biomarkers and Cytokine Profiles: Signatures of Mortality in Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Exploratory characterization of dynamic soluble programmed death-ligand 1 trajectories and their association with mortality in critical coronavirus disease 2019.Journal of intensive care · 2026Article
- Article
- Influenza virus infection drives upregulation of CD84 across a broad range of immune cells.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- A Pilot Study of COVID-19 Outcomes in People Living with HIV in Tatarstan.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association between enteral essential fatty acids and plasma phospholipid essential fatty acids related immune response in critically ill adults with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-derived RNA replicons as safe and effective vaccines.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
19 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We pursued a study of immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza patients. Compared to patients with influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited largely equivalent lymphocyte counts, fewer monocytes, and lower surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class II expression on selected monocyte populations. Furthermore, decreased HLA-DR on intermediate monocytes predicted severe COVID-19 disease. In contrast to prevailing assumptions, very few (7 of 168) patients with COVID-19 exhibited cytokine profiles indicative of cytokine storm syndrome. After controlling for multiple factors including age and sample time point, patients with COVID-19 exhibited lower cytokine levels than patients with influenza. Up-regulation of IL-6, G-CSF, IL-1RA, and MCP1 predicted death in patients with COVID-19 but were not statistically higher than patients with influenza. Single-cell transcriptional profiling revealed profound suppression of interferon signaling among patients with COVID-19. When considered across the spectrum of peripheral immune profiles, patients with COVID-19 are less inflamed than patients with influenza.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.