ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2020
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Myopia Progression in a Large, Diverse Cohort of Pediatric Patients.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological mechanisms of atropine in myopia control (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Pooled it
- Refractive Error Centile Curves for Asian and Western Children and Adolescents: An Individual Level Meta-Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Pooled it
- Baseline factors associated with myopia progression and axial elongation over 30 months in children 5 to 12 years of age.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Cross-tissue dual-omics analysis reveals molecular programs linked to myopia susceptibility and progression.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- Randomized Clinical Trial of Diffusion Optics Technology Spectacle Lenses in a Chinese Population (CATHAY): 12-Month Results.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- AI-guided personalized predictions on myopia progression and interventions.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Illuminating Risk: An Ecological Analysis of Artificial Light at Night and Childhood Myopia Using State-Level US Data.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Spherical Equivalent Percentile Curves in a Portuguese School-Aged Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Access to Myopia Care in the United States-A Narrative Review.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Cross-population validation of the PreMO risk indicator for predicting myopia onset in children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Myopia Progression in Ghana-Evidence From Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- The Macular Choroidal Thickness in Danish Children with Myopia After Two-Year Low-Dose Atropine and One-Year Wash-Out: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Normative value of hyperopia reserve and myopic shift in Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-16 years.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- An Insight into Knowledge, Perspective, and Practices of Indian Optometrists towards Childhood Myopia.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Two-Year Results of 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops and 0.1% Loading Dose for Myopia Progression Reduction in Danish Children: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Nutritional intake, environmental factors, and their impact on myopia prevalence in Korean children aged 5-12 years.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Comparative analysis of corneal parameters in simple myopic anisometropia using Scheimpflug technology.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Myopia & painful muscle form of temporomandibular disorders: connections between vision, masticatory and cervical muscles activity and sensitivity and sleep quality.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- High Myopia and Thickness of Extraocular and Masticatory Muscles-7T MRI, Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the differences in myopic progression in children by race/ethnicity and age. Methods: Patients enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Southern California between 2011 and 2016 and between the ages of 4 and 11 years old with a documented refraction between -6 and -1 diopters (Ds) were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients with a history of amblyopia, strabismus, retinopathy of prematurity, or prior ocular surgery were excluded from analyses. Patients' race/ethnicity and language information were used to create the following groups for analysis: white, Black, Hispanic, South Asian, East/Southeast Asian, Other Asian, and other/unknown. A growth curve analysis using linear mixed-effects modeling was used to trace longitudinal progression of spherical equivalents over time, modeled by race/ethnicity. Analyses adjusted for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI), screen time, and physical activity. Results: There were 11,595 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Patients were 53% girls, 55% Latino, 15% white, 9% black, 9% East/Southeast Asian, and 2% South Asian. Mean age (standard deviation [SD]) at the time of initial refraction was 8.9 years (1.6 years). Patients had an average (SD) of 3.4 (1.5) refractions, including the baseline measurement, during the study period. A three-way interaction model that assessed the effects of age at baseline, time since baseline, and race/ethnicity found that children of East/Southeast Asian descent showed significantly faster myopia progression across time (P < 0.001). East/Southeast Asian patients who presented with myopia between 6 to < 8 years progressed similarly to white patients in the same age group and significantly faster compared with white patients in other age groups. Conclusions: Myopia progression differed significantly between East/Southeast Asian and white patients depending on the patients' age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.