ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
Harnessing the non-specific immunogenic effects of available vaccines to combat COVID-19.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Personalization of Neonatal Vaccination Timings Based on Established Evidence.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Recent development of oral vaccines (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- Dose Intervals and Time since Final Dose on Changes in Metabolic Indices after COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination and the Risk of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Association of Influenza Vaccination With SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Associated Hospitalization and Mortality Among Patients Aged 66 Years or Older.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers.Vaccine · 2022Observational
- Hotspots for mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein: a correspondence analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Administration of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients.International immunopharmacology · 2021Review
- Interferon-inducer antivirals: Potential candidates to combat COVID-19.International immunopharmacology · 2021Review
- Effectiveness of repetitive influenza vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among a cohort of health care workers in Portugal.Porto biomedical journalArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
No proven remedy is identified for COVID-19 yet. SARS-CoV-2, the viral agent, is recognized by some endosomal and cytosolic receptors following cell entry, entailing innate and adaptive immunity stimulation, notably through interferon induction. Impairment in immunity activation in some patients, mostly elderlies, leads to high mortalities; thus, promoting immune responses may help. BCG vaccine is under investigation to prevent COVID-19 due to its non-specific effects on the immune system. However, other complementary immune-induction methods at early stages of the disease may be needed. Here, the potentially preventive immunologic effects of BCG and influenza vaccination are compared with the immune response defects caused by aging and COVID-19. BCG co-administration with interferon-α/-β, or influenza vaccine is suggested to overcome its shortcomings in interferon signaling against COVID-19. However, further studies are highly recommended to assess the outcomes of such interventions considering their probable adverse effects especially augmented innate immune responses and overproduction of proinflammatory mediators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.