Observational studyInternational ophthalmology2021
Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019.
Observational study in International ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Visual development cohort study on refractive parameters among preschool children in Sucheng district.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Risk factors for ocular biological parameters in Chinese preschool children: a cohort study from the Beijing whole childhood eye study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Comparison of spherical equivalent and estimated prevalence of myopia in school-age children between Shanghai and Yunnan in China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Identification of high-risk patterns of myopia in Chinese students based on four major behavioral risk factors: a latent class analysis.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Effects of LaserFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children.Frontiers in public health · 2022Observational
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the time trend of axial length (AL) and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019.
methodsThis was a 7-year observational study of 985 four-year-old and 1059 five-year-old children in Shanghai. AL, horizontal and vertical corneal curvature, spherical equivalent (SE), and body height and weight were measured. Furthermore, a questionnaire was collected, including time outdoors and bad eyesight habits.
resultsIn 4-year-old children, no significant difference was found in AL (P = 0.526), but significant differences were observed in SE (P = 0.001), horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.006), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.004), height (P < 0.001), and weight (P = 0.022) from 2013 to 2019. In 5-year-old children, no significant differences were found in AL (P = 0.304), SE (P = 0.200), or weight (P = 0.292), but significant differences were observed in horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.040), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.015), and height (P < 0.001) from 2013 to 2019. Multivariate analyses revealed that AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time outdoors in the 4- and 5-year-old children.
conclusionsThe AL of 4- and 5-year-old children remained relatively stable in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the relationship between AL elongation and environmental risk factors.
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