ReviewPediatric research2021
Do preterm girls need different nutrition to preterm boys? Sex-specific nutrition for the preterm infant.
Review in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term growth effects of post-discharge formula in moderate-to-late preterm infants: follow-up at 24 months corrected age of a randomized controlled trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- The influence of nutrition on white matter development in preterm infants: a scoping review.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among indigenous infants in Sepang and Kuala Langat: A cross-sectional study.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2026Article
- Clinical and ultrasound assessment of body composition in preterm infants at discharge: an observational study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Observational
- Sex-differences in Mothers' own milk and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Variation in Metabolic Responses to Diet.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Nutritional interventions to prevent retinopathy of prematurity.Pediatric research · 2024Review
- Estimation of the causal effect of sex on neonatal intensive care unit outcomes among very low birth weight infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Improving growth in preterm infants through nutrition: a practical overview.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Response to Therapeutic Interventions in the NICU: Role of Sex as a Biological Variable.NeoReviews · 2023Article
- The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
- The Need to Address Sex as a Biological Variable in Neonatal Clinical Studies.The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- The trajectories of physical growth in 4 months postnatal corrected age among preterm infants discharged from neonatal intensive care units and associated factors: A prospective study.International journal of nursing sciences · 2023Article
- A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Sex differences in pediatric caudal epidural anesthesia under sedation without primary airway instrumentation.PloS one · 2023Observational
- Periconceptional and First Trimester Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Maternal Cardiometabolic Outcomes.Diabetes care · 2022Article
- Influence of Neonatal Sex on Breast Milk Protein and Antioxidant Content in Spanish Women in the First Month of Lactation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Anthropometrics and fat mass, but not fat-free mass, are compromised in infants requiring parenteral nutrition after neonatal intestinal surgery.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- Preterm birth and metabolic implications on later life: A narrative review focused on body composition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Association Between Early Amino Acid Intake and Full-Scale IQ at Age 5 Years Among Infants Born at Less Than 30 Weeks' Gestation.JAMA network open · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Boys born preterm are recognised to be at higher risk of adverse outcomes than girls born preterm. Despite advances in neonatal intensive care and overall improvements in neonatal morbidity and mortality, boys born preterm continue to show worse short- and long-term outcomes than girls. Preterm birth presents a nutritional crisis during a critical developmental period, with postnatal undernutrition and growth-faltering common complications of neonatal intensive care. Furthermore, this preterm period corresponds to that of rapid in utero brain growth and development, and the developmental window relating to foetal programming of adult non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of which are associated both with preterm birth and sex. There is increasing evidence to show that from foetal life, boys and girls have different responses to maternal nutrition, that maternal breastmilk composition differs based on foetal sex and that early neonatal nutritional interventions affect boys and girls differently. This narrative review examines the evidence that sex is an important moderator of the outcomes of preterm nutrition intervention, and describes what further knowledge is required before providing nutrition intervention for infants born preterm based on their sex. IMPACT: This review examines the increasing evidence that boys and girls respond differently to nutritional stressors before birth, that maternal breastmilk composition differs by foetal sex and that nutritional interventions have different responses based on infant sex. Boys and girls born preterm are given standard nutritional support which does not take infant sex into account, and few studies of neonatal nutrition consider infant sex as a potential mediator of outcomes. By optimising early nutrition for boys and girls born preterm, we may improve outcomes for both sexes. We propose future studies of neonatal nutritional interventions should consider infant sex.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.