Observational studyInternational immunopharmacology2020
Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational study.
Observational study in International immunopharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels post-vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2022Pooled it
- Association between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in Taiwanese patients.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Interplay-Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2.Biology · 2024Review
- Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin D in Kawasaki Disease and Its Interplay with the COVID-19Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Dietary patterns and micronutrients in respiratory infections including COVID-19: a narrative review.BMC public health · 2024Review
- Global trends in COVID-19 incidence and case fatality rates (2019-2023): a retrospective analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Promising role of Vitamin D and plant metabolites against COVID-19: Clinical trials review.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Article
- Vitamin D-A prominent immunomodulator to prevent COVID-19 infection.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2023Review
- Correlation of Vitamin D deficiency with chest X-rays severity scores and different inflammatory markers in severe and critical COVID-19 patients.Ghana medical journal · 2022Article
- Cumulative effects of air pollution and climate drivers on COVID-19 multiwaves in Bucharest, Romania.Process safety and environmental protection : transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B · 2022Article
- Antioxidants and clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review of observational and interventional studies.Food science & nutrition · 2022Review
- Deciphering the Potential of Pre and Pro-Vitamin D of Mushrooms against Mpro and PLpro Proteases of COVID-19: An In Silico Approach.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Rays of immunity: Role of sunshine vitamin in management of COVID-19 infection and associated comorbidities.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2021Review
- Therapeutic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021Review
- Vitamin D and COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Vitamin D in infectious complications in critically ill patients with or without COVID-19.Metabolism open · 2021Article
- Need for Testing and Supplementation of Vitamin D3 After Release of COVID-19 Lockdown in Patients with Increased Musculoskeletal Pain.Indian journal of orthopaedics · 2021Article
- Influence of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol levels on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
- Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment.mSystems · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe role of vitamin D in the susceptibility and severity of various viral diseases has been well documented. Recently, some reports highlighted the possible importance of vitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although India receives adequate sunlight throughout the year, the majority of Indians are deficient in vitamin D levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency would be associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and mortality in the Indian population. MATERIALS AND
methodsSARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality data were obtained from the Government of India's official website (accessed on 16th August 2020). Various literature databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to find the mean of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in different states and union territories of India, Pearson correlation was carried out to investigate the possible link between mean 25(OH)D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality per million of the population.
resultsAn inverse correlation was observed between the mean level of 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate (r = -0.43, p = 0.02) and mortality rate (r = -0.42, p = 0.02).
conclusionsThe present observational study revealed an association of vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection and related mortality. Further studies are required to validate our observations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.