Trial reportThe Journal of experimental medicine2021
Vi-specific serological correlates of protection for typhoid fever.
Trial report in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of a conjugate vaccine candidate against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in healthy adults in Europe: a phase 1 randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- A combination typhoid and non-typhoidal Salmonella polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Durable Anti-Vi IgG and IgA Antibody Responses in 15-Month-Old Children Vaccinated With Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Burkina Faso.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2023Trial
- Molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection against typhoid fever.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Trial
- Development and validation of immunological assays for preclinical evaluation of a novel bivalent typhoid conjugate vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Multivalent vaccines for invasiveInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Phase II multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial of a Bivalent VaccInation againstBMJ open · 2026Article
- A phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a combination typhoid and non-typhoidalmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Salmonella Typhi gut invasion drives hypoxic immune subsets associated with disease outcomes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of naturally occurring IgG anti-Vi antibody titers as predictors and correlates of typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- GeM-LR: Discovering predictive biomarkers for small datasets in vaccine studies.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Longevity of immune response after a single dose of typhoid conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi among children in Hyderabad, Pakistan.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- TLR4 Ligands in Typhoid Vi Polysaccharide Subunit Vaccines Contribute to Immunogenicity.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Article
- The use of controlled human infection models to identify correlates of protection for invasiveFrontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Shigella-Controlled Human Infection Models: Current and Future Perspectives.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2024Review
- A TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant for promoting the immunogenicity of typhoid subunit vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Typhoid Vi vaccines have been shown to be efficacious in children living in endemic regions; however, a widely accepted correlate of protection remains to be established. We applied a systems serology approach to identify Vi-specific serological correlates of protection using samples obtained from participants enrolled in an experimental controlled human infection study. Participants were vaccinated with Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Vi-TT) or unconjugated Vi-polysaccharide (Vi-PS) vaccines and were subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhi bacteria. Multivariate analyses identified distinct protective signatures for Vi-TT and Vi-PS vaccines in addition to shared features that predicted protection across both groups. Vi IgA quantity and avidity correlated with protection from S. Typhi infection, whereas higher fold increases in Vi IgG responses were associated with reduced disease severity. Targeted antibody-mediated functional responses, particularly neutrophil phagocytosis, were also identified as important components of the protective signature. These humoral markers could be used to evaluate and develop efficacious Vi-conjugate vaccines and assist with accelerating vaccine availability to typhoid-endemic regions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.