ArticlePloS one2020
Botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance in consecutive esotropia.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical efficacy, safety, and success factors of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Botulinum toxin for acute acquired comitant esotropia: clinical outcomes and predictors.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin for treatment of acquired non-accommodative comitant esotropia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An Update on the Effects and Complications of BoNT-A in the Management of Third, Fourth, and Sixth Nerve Palsies: A Narrative Review.Journal of ophthalmic & vision research · 2025Article
- The long-term surgical outcomes of lateral rectus advancement in consecutive esotropia.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Article
- How to Better Treat Patients with Intermittent Exotropia: A Review of Surgical Treatment of Intermittent Exotropia.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2022Review
- Essential Infantile Esotropia: A Course of Treatment From Our Experience.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance for the treatment of consecutive esotropia.
methodsA retrospective study was performed on 49 subjects with consecutive esotropia who received botulinum toxin injection in the medial rectus muscles without the use of electromyographic guidance. Treatment was considered successful if the final ocular alignment was orthotropic or esodeviation was ≤10 prism diopters (PD) during distant fixation.
resultsThe mean age was 15.2 ± 8.3 years. The mean esodeviation before injection was 21.8 ± 9.1 PD at distance and 21.3 ± 8.3 PD at near. The mean number of injections per patient was 1.3 ± 0.7, and 46 patients (93.9%) received two or fewer injections. At 6 months after the final injection, the mean angle of esodeviation was 7.3 ± 6.0 PD at distance and 7.5 ± 6.6 PD at near (all p<0.001), and 69.4% showed successful alignment. By multivariate analysis, an initial postoperative esodeviation of ≤18 PD at one month after exotropia surgery was considered to be a predictive factor for successful botulinum toxin injection (P = 0.007). Vertical deviation and/or ptosis occurred in 4 patients (8.2%) at two weeks after injection, which all resolved within three months. There was no recurrence of exotropia up to the final follow-up examination.
conclusionBotulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance is safe and effective in the treatment of consecutive esotropia without causing recurrent exotropia. Successful botulinum toxin injection is likely in patients with an initial postoperative esodeviation of 18PD or less at one month after exotropia surgery.
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