ArticlePloS one2020
Mixed infections by different Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units among Chagas disease patients in an endemic community in Panama.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coinfection by multipleMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac Attachment of TcI and TcII Variants ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Circulating extracellular vesicles in sera of chronic patients as a method for determining active parasitism in Chagas disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- The use of peptides for immunodiagnosis of human Chagas disease.Amino acids · 2024Review
- Use of sera cell free DNA (cfDNA) and exovesicle-DNA for the molecular diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease.PloS one · 2023Article
- Human Trypanosoma cruzi chronic infection leads to individual level steady-state parasitemia: Implications for drug-trial optimization in Chagas disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Modulation of STAT-1, STAT-3, and STAT-6 activities in THP-1 derived macrophages infected with twoFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Diversity and Epidemiology of Bat Trypanosomes: A One Health Perspective.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Article
- CD8Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTrypanosoma cruzi, the hemoparasite that causes Chagas disease, is divided into six Discrete Typing Units or DTUs: TcI-TcVI plus Tcbat. This genetic diversity is based on ecobiological and clinical characteristics associated with particular populations of the parasite. The main objective of this study was the identification of DTUs in patients with chronic chagasic infections from a mountainous rural community in the eastern region of Panama.
methodsA total of 106 patients were tested for Chagas disease with three serological tests (ELISA, rapid test, and Western blot). Molecular diagnosis and DTU typing were carried out by conventional PCRs and qPCR targeting different genomic markers, respectively. As a control sample for the typing, 28 patients suspected to be chagasic from the metropolitan area of Panama City were included.
resultsResults showed a positivity in the evaluated patients of 42.3% (33/78); high compared to other endemic regions in the country. In the control group, 20/28 (71.43%) patients presented positive serology. The typing of samples from rural patients showed that 78.78% (26/33) corresponded to TcI, while 9.09% (3/33) were mixed infections (TcI plus TcII/V/VI). Seventy-five percent (15/20) of the patients in the control group presented TcI, and in five samples it was not possible to typify the T. cruzi genotype involved.
conclusionsThese results confirm that TcI is the main DTU of T. cruzi present in chronic chagasic patients from Panama. However, the circulation of other genotypes (TcII/V/VI) in this country is described for the first time. The eco-epidemiological characteristics that condition the circulation of TcII/V/VI, as well as the immune and clinical impact of mixed infections in this remote mountainous region should be investigated, which will help local action programs in the surveillance, prevention, and management of Chagas disease.
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