ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
The effect of sex on responses to influenza vaccines.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis.Scientific data · 2026Article
- The Reduced Immunogenicity of Zoster Vaccines in CMV-Seropositive Older Adults Correlates with T Cell Imprinting.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Structure-guided assembly of an influenza spike nanobicelle vaccine provides pan H1 intranasal protection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Using Different Delivery Methods.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- The Effect of Sex on the Incidence, Latency, Duration and Perceived Burden of Adverse Events Following Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in the Netherlands.Drug safety · 2023Article
- Best practices to promote rigor and reproducibility in the era of sex-inclusive research.eLife · 2023Article
- Commercial influenza vaccines vary in HA-complex structure and in induction of cross-reactive HA antibodies.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Influenza breakthrough infection in vaccinated mice is characterized by non-pathological lung eosinophilia.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The impact of circadian rhythms on the immune response to influenza vaccination in middle-aged and older adults (IMPROVE): a randomised controlled trial.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Impact of adjuvant: Trivalent vaccine with quadrivalent-like protection against heterologous Yamagata-lineage influenza B virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The poor uptake and limited effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines mean that influenza continues to create a significant burden of disease. It has been hypothesized that sex differences are present in responses to seasonal influenza vaccines, and that these differences may contribute to this poor vaccine success. This has led to the suggestion that vaccines should be tailored to an individual's biological sex. However, studies in this field are often low quality. Comprehensive analysis of the available literature reveals that there is insufficient evidence to support sex differences in vaccine immunogenicity, effectiveness, or efficacy. Nonetheless, differences in vaccine safety are consistently observed, with females reporting adverse events following immunization more frequently than males. Bias introduced by gender differences in passive reporting of adverse effects may underlie this phenomenon. Highly controlled studies are required in future before any conclusions can be made about potential sex differences in response to seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.