SynthesisJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
Association Between Ethnicity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individual risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during Alpha variant in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Renal failure · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical outcomes following COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority groups in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health · 2023Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 related outcomes in the United States by race and ethnicity pre-vaccination era: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in migrants and ethnic minorities compared with the general population in the European WHO region during the first year of the pandemic: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Ethnic minority status as social determinant for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severity, ICU admission and deaths in the early phase of the pandemic: a meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of regional risk factors for critical outcomes of COVID-19 during early phase of the pandemic.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- The characteristics of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2021Pooled it
- Health outcomes of COVID-19 in immigrants versus native Spaniards.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Charity coverage and decreased COVID-19 mortality among uninsured patients in Texas: A retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Ethnically Minoritised Carers in UK's Care Home Settings: a Systematic Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- The Impact of Comorbidities among Ethnic Minorities on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Canada and the USA: A Scoping Review.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Disproportionate infection, hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples: an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions analytical framework.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Review
- Explaining COVID-19 related mortality disparities in American Indians and Alaska Natives.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Inequalities in COVID-19 severe morbidity and mortality by country of birth in Sweden.Nature communications · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among first-generation immigrants living in Sweden.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 mortality and use of intensive care among ethnic minorities - a national register-based Danish population study.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Risk factors for newly-developed cardiovascular disease and quality of life during the COVID - 19 pandemic: an analysis of the English longitudinal study of ageing.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Inequities in COVID-19 Omicron infections and hospitalisations for Māori and Pacific people in Te Manawa Taki Midland region, New Zealand.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis article evaluates if ethnicity is an independent poor prognostic factor in COVID-19 disease.
methodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, WHO COVID-19 databases from inception to 15/06/2020 and medRxiv. No language restriction. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE framework were utilised to assess the risk of bias and certainty of evidence. PROSPERO CRD42020188421.
resultsSeventy-two articles (59 cohort studies with 17,950,989 participants, 13 ecological studies; 54 US-based, 15 UK-based; 41 peer-reviewed) were included for systematic review and 45 for meta-analyses. Risk of bias was low: median NOS 7 of 9 (interquartile range 6-8). Compared to White ethnicity, unadjusted all-cause mortality was similar in Black (RR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.83-1.08]) and Asian (RR: 0.99 [0.85-1.16]) but reduced in Hispanic ethnicity (RR: 0.69 [0.57-0.84]). Age- and sex-adjusted risks were significantly elevated for Black (HR: 1.38 [1.09-1.75]) and Asian (HR: 1.42 [1.15-1.75]), but not for Hispanic (RR: 1.14 [0.93-1.40]). Further adjusting for comorbidities attenuated these associations to non-significance: Black (HR: 0.95 [0.72-1.25]); Asian (HR: 1.17 [0.84-1.63]); Hispanic (HR: 0.94 [0.63-1.44]). Subgroup analyses showed a trend towards greater disparity in outcomes for UK ethnic minorities, especially hospitalisation risk.
conclusionsThis review could not confirm a certain ethnicity as an independent poor prognostic factor for COVID-19. Racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes may be partially attributed to higher comorbidity rates in certain ethnicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.