ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
Early-life antibiotic use and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: results of a discordant twin study.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Life Antibiotic Exposure and the Subsequent Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Antibiotic exposure and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Common molecular signatures: the role of BDNF, melatonin, and orexin in the ASD-schizophrenia continuum.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Interventions targeting the gut microbiota and their possible effect on gastrointestinal and neurobehavioral symptoms in autism spectrum disorder.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Role of the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases: Molecular connections and therapeutic implications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Impact of early life antibiotic exposure on the preschool developmental status: a nationwide population-based study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Modulation of Bifidobacterium by HD5 during weaning is associated with high abundance in later life.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Use In Utero and Early Life and Risk of Chronic Childhood Conditions in New Zealand: Protocol for a Data Linkage Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Prenatal Environmental Antibiotic Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Children at 3 Years of Age: Findings from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Antibiotic use and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Recent anti-infective exposure as a risk factor for first episode of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors in pediatric patients.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Article
- Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Review of Gut-Brain Communication and Emerging Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Association of Prenatal Antibiotic Use with Attention Deficit and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The resistance within: Antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiome and resistome dynamics in infancy.Cell host & microbe · 2022Review
- Effects of early-life penicillin exposure on the gut microbiome and frontal cortex and amygdala gene expression.iScience · 2021Article
- A Comparative Pilot Study of Bacterial and Fungal Dysbiosis in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Commonalities, Specificities and Correlations with Lifestyle.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- The Role of Bacterial-Derived Aromatic Amino Acids Metabolites Relevant in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDevelopment of the gut-brain axis in early life may be disturbed by antibiotic use. It has been hypothesized that this disturbance may contribute to development of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We aimed to assess the association between antibiotic use in early life and the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder, while controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors in a discordant twin design.
methodsWe conducted a cohort study in twins (7-12 years; 25 781 twins) from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and a replication study in the Childhood and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS; 7946 9-year-old twins). Antibiotic use was recorded before age 2 years. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder were parent-reported in the Netherlands Twin Register and register-based in the Childhood and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden.
resultsEarly-life antibiotic use was associated with increased risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder development [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.17] and autism spectrum disorder (pooled OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.25) in a case-control design. When restricting to monozygotic twin pairs discordant for the outcome, associations disappeared for both disorders in both cohorts (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.48-1.69 and OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.37-1.76, and autism spectrum disorder OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.38-1.16 and OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.02-4.50, respectively).
conclusionsOur findings suggest that the association between early-life antibiotic use and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorder may be confounded by shared familial environment and genetics.
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Registered trials
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