ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Tuning the Functionality by Splicing: Factor H and Its Alternative Splice Variant FHL-1 Share a Gene but Not All Functions.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of complement inhibitors in patients with geographic atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- The Biochemical and Genetic Architecture of Geographic Atrophy: The Role of the FHL-1/CFH Axis and the Paradigm of RNA Interference Therapeutics.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Identification of novel blood-borne soluble binding partners of factor H-related proteins.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Identification of a Kingella kingae factor H binding protein that is the major determinant of serum resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Candidiasis: Insights into Virulence Factors, Complement Evasion and Antifungal Drug Resistance.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- CFH Haploinsufficiency and Complement Alterations in Early-Onset Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- The human factor H protein family - an update.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- AAV Gene Augmentation of Truncated Complement Factor H Differentially Rescues Ocular Complement Dysregulation in a Mouse Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Protein therapeutics and their lessons: Expect the unexpected when inhibiting the multi-protein cascade of the complement system.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- The Factor H protein family: The switchers of the complement alternative pathway.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Complement as driver of systemic inflammation and organ failure in trauma, burn, and sepsis.Seminars in immunopathology · 2021Review
- CFH Loss in Human RPE Cells Leads to Inflammation and Complement System Dysregulation via the NF-κB Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Complement Factor H Family Proteins Modulate Monocyte and Neutrophil Granulocyte Functions.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The alternative pathway regulator Factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) is composed of the first 7 N-terminal complement control protein domains of Factor H (FH) and protects host surfaces from uncontrolled complement attack. Although FHL-1 shares the N-terminal regulatory domains with FH, it was thought to be a weaker regulator. Recently, the regulatory activity of FHL-1 was shown to be comparable to FH. Nonetheless, the question remained whether FHL-1 is an indispensable, unique regulator. The discovery that FHL-1 is the predominant regulator on Bruch's membrane, a critical site for the onset and progression of age-related-macular degeneration (AMD), showed that FHL-1 is essential for complement regulation. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in FH/FHL-1 that predisposes for AMD underlines the important role of FHL-1 in this context. Reports that some cancer tissues specifically upregulate FHL-1 expression, thereby evading immune surveillance, suggests a pronounced regulatory activity of the splice variant. Several microorganisms specifically recruit FHL-1 to evade complement attack. From a phylogenetic point of view, FHL-1 appears much later than other complement regulators, which could imply a specific role that is possibly not systemic but rather tissue specific. This review focuses on the current knowledge of FHL-1 and its physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.